Indus Journal of Social Sciences
type: channel
description: The Indus Journal of Social Sciences is a peer-reviewed journal published biannually (2 issues per year) by Indus Publishers. It publishes high-quality research in the field of social sciences and promotes scholarly dialogue between research and practice. The journal’s scope includes economics, business, management, sociology, political science, psychology, education, and anthropology.
publisher: INDUS EDUCATION AND RESEARCH NETWORK
language: en-US
publication name: Indus Journal of Social Sciences
issn: 2960-219X
items: The Role of Green Brand Trust and Perceived Greenwashing in Digital Green Advertising
items: The Dark Triad in Action: How Attention-Seeking and Narcissism Fuel Anti-Social Behaviour through Fragile Self-Esteem
items: Revisiting Mens Rea in Modern Criminal Jurisprudence: Theory, Practice, and Reform
items: The Echo of Humanity: Gaza, Conscience, and the Age of Simultaneity
items: Impact of Green Innovation Strategy and Digital Transformation on Sustainable Firm Performance with Mediating Role of GSCM Practices: An Empirical Investigation with PLS-SEM Modeling
items: Role of Authentic Leadership in Post COVID 19 Era: A Study Examining Moderating Role of Procedural Justice and Emotional Demands
items: Comparative Analysis of Users and Non-Users on Digital Finance: A Study of Perceived Risks and Benefits
items: Smartphone Addiction and Emotional Unavailability in Marriage: Perceived Neglect and Attachment Styles
items: Exploring the Identity Representation and Empowerment of Pakistani Women Athletes: An Ethnographic Study of Pakistan Sports Board (PSB), Islamabad
items: Smart Supply Chain & Smart Technologies Adoption to Improve Operational Performance in Manufacturing Industry
items: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Shared Presuppositions in Pakistani Social Media Memes
items: Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Employee Job Satisfaction in the Banking Sector
items: Aligning Tourism with Sustainable Development Goals: A Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration Framework
items: The Impact of E-Learning Control Beliefs on Academic Performance: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
items: Gender Inclusivity as a Moderator in the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Employee Commitment Evidence from the Banking Sector of Eastern Zone, Afghanistan
items: Factors Affecting the Sustainability Performance of Financial Institutions in Afghanistan: The Role of Green Finance
items: Exploring Private School Principal’s Role in School Turnaround: Insights from a Qualitative Case Study in Karachi
items: A Qualitative Study of Cognitive Demand and Pedagogical Practice in Tehsil Kohat, Pakistan
items: Bridging Vision and Reality: A Critical, Comparative and Scenario-Based Evaluation of Pakistan’s Health Policy
items: Sino-Indian Nexus Within the Framework of Multi-Dimensional Policies
items: Need Analysis of Free-lance Computer Courses to Enhance Economic Independence of Female Students at Higher Secondary Level
items: A Pragmatic Analysis of Deixis in “The Midnight Library”
items: Effects of School Leaders Behavior on Teachers Collaboration at Secondary Level
items: Friendship Self-Regulation through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory: A Study of University Students in Pakistan
items: Mitigating Salt Stress in Mustard (Brassica Juncea L.) through Foliar Application of Ascorbic Acid: Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses
items: Emotional Regulation as a Predictor of Anger Management and Empathy in Police Officers: Evidence from Pakistan
items: The Formula for Employee Extra Efforts and Efficacy: Formal Training, Coaching, Reward and Commitment to Service Quality in the Hotel Industry
items: How Colonial Drainage Systems Reshaped Social Hierarchies in Lahore: Sanitation as Surveillance
items: Effect of Digital Competence on Academic Self-Efficacy of Undergraduate Students
items: Stress-Epenthesis Interactions in Pakistani English: An Optimality Theoretical Analysis
items: From Home to Classroom: How Parenting Styles and Parents’ Education Shape Students’ Academic Achievement
items: Tourism Potential of District Torghar Concerning Buddhist Heritage in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: The Wakhi People of Gojal (Upper Hunza): Negotiating Tradition and Change
items: Decentralization of the Mughal Governance and Emergence of Gakhar Chief Muqarrab Khan: A Study of Gujrat
items: The Iran–Pakistan Strategic Shift: Energy Alliance or Security Gamble?
items: Role of Peer Teaching in Enhancing Academic Performance of Secondary School Students
items: Nexus among Financial Literacy, Financial Attitude, Financial Experience and ESG Investment in the Banking Sector of Pakistan
items: Designing for the Interactive Screen: Shoppable CTV Advertising and Visual Communication Readiness in Pakistan
items: Long Term Unemployment and Suicidal Ideation among Educated Adults: The Moderating Role of Gender
items: The Ban on Student Unions in Pakistan: A Constitutional Violation of the Right to Association and Equality of Citizens
items: A Perspective on Murder of the Beloved in Browning’s Poems: “Porphyria’s Lover” and “My Last Duchess”
items: Quantifying Drought Severity and Socio-Economic Exposure: An Integrated Risk Assessment Approach for Pakistan
items: Influence of Excessive Social Media Usage on Problem Solving Skills and Study Habits of University Students
items: Examining the Impact of Gamification on Private Secondary Grade Students' Engagement, Motivation, and Learning Outcomes in English: A Systematic Review
items: Urdu Translation and Validation of the Questionnaire for Suicidal Ideation (QSI)
items: Building Healthy Workplace Relationships between Nursing Staff and Leaders to Improve Service Quality
items: Green Words, Grey Practices: An Eco linguistic Analysis of Green washing Stories in Pakistani Brand Slogans
items: Impact of Visual Merchandising on Customers’ Purchase Decision
items: Digital Literacy and Academic Performance of University Students: A Quantitative Study
items: The Effect of Social Media Marketing Activities on Brand Outcome: A Mediating Role of Value Co-Creation
items: Exploring the Moderated Mediation Effect of Job Satisfaction and Job Self-Efficacy on Work-Life Balance and Subjective Well-Being
items: Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers in Kotli, AJ&K: Role of Work Environment, Rewards, and Administration
items: The Behaviour of Interior Designers toward AI-Based Taxation and Its Impact on Sustainability in the Construction Sector: Evidence from an Emerging Economy
items: Relationship between Digital Learning Engagement, Peer-Study Practices, and Academic Performance among MBBS Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: An Analysis of Career Counseling Services at the Elementary Level in Tehsil Nakyal, Kotli AJ&K
items: A Multi-Source Surveillance System for Face Detection and Identity Matching Using Live and Pre-Recorded Video Streams
items: Stress Level and Coping Strategies among Baccalaureate Internee Nurses in Private and Public Teaching Hospitals in Peshawar
items: Greenpeace as a Non-State Actor in Politics: Lobbying Against Fossil Fuel Expansion in the European Union
items: Climate Change, Social Vulnerability, and Livelihood Transformations: A Sociological Analysis of Communities in the Thar Desert, Pakistan
items: Transformations in HR Technology Platforms: Analyzing Their Impact on Workforce Engagement and Retention
items: Climate Change Litigation and Environmental Justice in Pakistan: Lesson from Singapore
items: A Survey on the Effectiveness of Video Based Teaching at University Level
items: Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption and Farm Income Stability Under Extreme Weather Conditions
items: Role of Electronic Media in Teaching Moral Development among Intermediate Grade XI-XII Students: Evidence from District Central Karachi
items: Stress and Safety in Digital Aviation: Ground Employee Experience, Technology Driven Work Environment
items: A Comprehensive Study of the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea and its Human Right Deficits
items: Trichogramma Chilonis and Bacillus thuringiensis for Sustainable Management of Sugarcane Top Borer (Scirpophaga Excerptalis) in Mardan
items: Effectiveness of Blended Learning and Flipped Classroom Practices in Private Schools of Karachi: A Comparative Study
items: Exploring the Relationship of AI Literacy with Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Students in Higher Education
items: Student Perception of AI Detection Tools: Trust, Fear, and False Accusations in Pakistani Universities
items: Community Engagement and Enrollment Outcomes in the Schools of Punjab Education Foundation (PEF): Awareness and Communication Strategies
items: Pakistan’s Strategic Balancing between the U.S. and China in the 21st Century
items: Impact of Digital Skills and Competency among Graduates of Social Sciences in the Context of Employability: Evidence from District Central Karachi

The Role of Green Brand Trust and Perceived Greenwashing in Digital Green Advertising
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of digital green advertising, along with the perceptions of greenwashing, trust in green brands and overall environmental skepticism on the intentions of consumers to buy green products in the Pakistani market. The research provides new theoretical knowledge on the topic of green consumption behavior in an emerging economy setting. The paper developed some hypotheses based on the existing theories and literature. The hypothesis was tested using large sample data that was collected through online survey. The hypothesis was tested using structural equation modeling. The study results reveal that digital green advertising has a significant effect on perceived greenwashing. However, the authors found evidence of direct influence of digital green advertising on green brand trust. The results show that digital green advertising has an indirect effect on green purchase intentions via green brand trust and perceived greenwashing. Similarly, green skepticism moderates the effects of digital green advertising on perceived greenwashing and digital green advertising on green brand trust. The study analyses the effect of digital green advertising, perceived greenwashing, green brand trust and green skepticism on green purchase intentions that is crucial for green consumption. Similarly, the research adds to the literature on environmental awareness and management of environmental protection through green purchases.
creator: Saad Saif
creator: Kiran Bano
creator: Muhammad Muzafar Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 771
ending page: 782
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2115

The Dark Triad in Action: How Attention-Seeking and Narcissism Fuel Anti-Social Behaviour through Fragile Self-Esteem
type: item
description: This study explores the Dark Triad “in action” by examining how attention seeking and narcissism contribute to antisocial behavior among young adults in academic environments with the help of the Dark Triad theory. The model proposes that individuals who frequently engage in attention-seeking behaviors may possess deeper narcissistic tendencies, which ultimately translate into aggressive, manipulative, or socially disruptive behaviors. Fragile self-esteem is incorporated as a moderating variable to capture internal psychological vulnerabilities that may intensify these relationships. Data were collected from a sample of 400 students aged 18 to 24 enrolled in colleges and universities. The proposed conceptual model was tested using Smarts through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Overall, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how Dark Triad traits manifest in real-life settings and offers practical implications for identifying and managing antisocial behaviors among university students.
creator: Hina Gull
creator: Maria Manzur
creator: Hira Shahzadi
creator: Abdul Hakeem Waseel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 01
ending page: 19
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2012

Revisiting Mens Rea in Modern Criminal Jurisprudence: Theory, Practice, and Reform
type: item
description: This article revisits mens rea in modern criminal jurisprudence, examining its theoretical foundations and practical challenges amid evolving forms of criminality. Using doctrinal and comparative analysis, the study finds growing ambiguity and overreliance on objective liability standards, advocating clearer statutory definitions and contextual reforms to preserve culpability and fairness Mens rea the mental element of criminal liability lies at the heart of criminal justice, shaping how culpability is assessed in both theory and practice. As societies evolve, so too do the contours of criminal law, creating new challenges in defining, proving, and applying mens rea. This article critically examines the mens rea doctrine in modern criminal jurisprudence, tracing its theoretical foundations, highlighting practical shortcomings, and exploring avenues for reform. Drawing on comparative perspectives and emerging legal challenges particularly in technology-driven crimes this research argues for principled adjustments to ensure fairness, clarity, and adaptability in criminal responsibility.
creator: Muhammed Islahuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 20
ending page: 31
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2014

The Echo of Humanity: Gaza, Conscience, and the Age of Simultaneity
type: item
description: This paper introduces the Simultaneous Information–Dialectics Theory (SIDT)—a paradigm born from the evolution of the author’s earlier Cross-Country Cross-Continent Economic Development (CCC-CED) framework. What began as an economic model explaining how nations progress through simultaneous development of markets, institutions, and societies has transformed into an informational and moral theory explaining how humanity itself evolves through simultaneous awareness, empathy, and conscience. The bridge between these worlds is one word “Simultaneous”, the philosophical constant linking the movement of economies to the awakening of human consciousness. Through the lens of SIDT, this paper examines how the Gaza War (2023–2025) catalyzed a global moral awakening. The tragedy of Gaza became not a local crisis but a synchronized human experience in which billions witnessed, grieved, and judged together. SIDT proposes five interconnected mechanisms: Information Flow Synchrony, Dialectical Framing, Wide Bridges, Threshold Compression, and Repression Backfire to explain how information, when shared in real time, translates into collective moral action. The conceptual model demonstrates that information no longer diffuses linearly but resonates simultaneously, transforming suffering into solidarity and empathy into political consciousness. The findings reveal that Gaza’s pain redefined moral legitimacy across continents, collapsing traditional hierarchies of power and narrative control. As governments defended policy, the people defended humanity. This simultaneity of exposure, empathy, and moral awakening represents not merely a political shift but a civilizational evolution, the moment when information became conscience. The study concludes that the Simultaneous Information–Dialectics Theory redefines both governance and morality for the digital age. It challenges the United Nations, the European Union, and the global community to evolve from deliberating justice to deliverin…
creator: Dr. Syed Muahmmad Salman
creator: Meer Rujaib Naseem
creator: Dr. Anila Devi
creator: Dr. Atif Aziz
creator: Dr. Muhammad Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 32
ending page: 50
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2015

Impact of Green Innovation Strategy and Digital Transformation on Sustainable Firm Performance with Mediating Role of GSCM Practices: An Empirical Investigation with PLS-SEM Modeling
type: item
description: The purpose of this research is to investigate the synergistic impacts of green supply chain management (GSCM) on green innovation strategy and digital transformation on sustainable performance. This is done in the context of the growing need for businesses to find a balance between sustainable development and digital transformation. PLS-SEM is used to evaluate the model, and the data used for the evaluation comes from a questionnaire survey that was sent out to manufacturing firms in Pakistan. Data was collected from 411 respondents. By examining and considering the role that green supply chain management (GSCM) plays as a mediator in the link between green innovation strategy and digital transformation on sustainable performance, the present research makes a contribution to the existing body of information on innovation and sustainability. Additionally, it adds to the development of new understanding about the mediating influence of GSCM practices on the interaction between green innovation strategy and digital transformation on sustainable performance, especially in the context of an economy that is still in the process of evolving.Both those who formulate policy and those who are in charge of administration at manufacturing firms will find that the ramifications of this research are significant. They may be used as a foundation for the creation of more efficient strategies and policies that will boost the capacities of businesses to produce innovations that might minimize environmental hazards and other negative consequences of climate change. These inventions could be used to mitigate the effects of climate change.
creator: Dr. Massaud Akhtar
creator: Muhammad Farhan Amin
creator: Sobia Naheed
creator: Naheed Zahra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 51
ending page: 67
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2016

Role of Authentic Leadership in Post COVID 19 Era: A Study Examining Moderating Role of Procedural Justice and Emotional Demands
type: item
description: Organizational survival, growth, and sustainability depend on employees' positive attitudes and behavior toward the organizations and jobs. Factors such as authentic leadership style and procedural justice can affect procedural justice and emotional exhaustion. There are many studies on authentic leadership, but a few have examined the moderating effect of procedural justice and emotional demand. Thus we have developed and empirically tested a conceptual framework that, besides direct, mediating, and moderating relationships, also has a mediating-moderating relationship. COVID 19 has adversely effected the banking industry of Pakistan. To assess the influence of authentic leadership on employees’ wellbeing, we collected the data post COVID 19. We have focused on the banking sector of Karachi, as it is highly competitive with a high turnover intention. Pre-recruited enumerators distributed 450 non-randomly and received 415 questionnaires with a response rate of 92%, appropriate for a study of this magnitude post COVID 19 period. The study found that authentic leadership passively affects employee empowerment, reduces emotional exhaustion, and positively affects procedural justice. The results do not support the association between procedural justice and emotional exhaustion. At the same time, we found the procedural justice moderates authentic leadership and employee empowerment. The study also validated the moderating role of emotional exhaustion. But we could not find support on the mediating role of perceived justice on authentic leadership and emotional exhaustion.
creator: Dr. Sahar Qabool
creator: Dr. Khizar Hayat
creator: Dr. Adnan Anwar
creator: Dr. Atif Aziz
creator: Muhammad Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 68
ending page: 85
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2017

Comparative Analysis of Users and Non-Users on Digital Finance: A Study of Perceived Risks and Benefits
type: item
description: Purpose: This study examines the influence of perceived risks and perceived benefits on attitudes towards digital finance and their subsequent impact on adoption intentions in Pakistan, comparing users and non-users. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 382 respondents split evenly between users and non-users of digital finance. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test hypothesized relationships derived from the perceived risk–benefit framework, incorporating five risk dimensions (security, financial, performance, psychological, and legal) and four benefit dimensions (economic benefit, convenience, seamless transaction, and perceived enjoyment). Multi-group analysis was used to assess differences between users and non-users. Findings: Results reveal distinct patterns between users and non-users. For users, economic benefit, convenience, seamless transactions, and perceived enjoyment significantly enhanced attitudes, while security, financial, and psychological risks reduced them. For non-users, all five risk factors (security, financial, performance, psychological, and legal) negatively affected attitudes, whereas only economic benefit and convenience showed positive effects. Attitude strongly predicted adoption intention for both groups. Originality/value: This study addresses contextual and empirical gaps by simultaneously examining an extended set of risk and benefit factors, incorporating psychological and legal risks, and integrating perceived enjoyment variables seldom studied in developing economies. By comparing users and non-users, the study provides actionable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and technology developers aiming to enhance digital finance adoption in emerging markets.
creator: Narender Kumar
creator: Dr. Samina Riaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 86
ending page: 106
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2018

Smartphone Addiction and Emotional Unavailability in Marriage: Perceived Neglect and Attachment Styles
type: item
description: The growing reliance on smartphones has altered patterns of emotional interaction within marital relationships. Although smartphones support communication, excessive or compulsive use may interfere with emotional presence and intimacy between spouses. The present study examined the relationship between smartphone addiction and emotional unavailability in marriages, focusing on the mediating role of perceived neglect and the moderating role of attachment styles. Using a cross-sectional correlational design, data were collected from 352 married adults residing in urban areas of Pakistan through standardized Urdu-adapted measures. Emotional unavailability was conceptualized as a multidimensional construct including emotional withdrawal, lack of emotional responsiveness, and avoidance of emotional intimacy. Results indicated that smartphone addiction was positively associated with emotional unavailability and its subdimensions. Perceived neglect partially mediated these relationships, suggesting that feelings of being ignored play a central role in emotional disengagement. Furthermore, attachment styles moderated the associations, such that anxious and avoidant attachment strengthened, while secure attachment weakened, the relationship between smartphone addiction and emotional unavailability. The findings highlight the emotional and relational implications of problematic smartphone use in marriages and underscore the importance of attachment-related vulnerabilities in shaping spouses’ emotional experiences.
creator: Sumaira Aslam
creator: Ghazia Sakhawat
creator: Jawaria Afzal
creator: Ayesha Irfan
creator: Kainat Ramzan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 107
ending page: 118
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2020

Exploring the Identity Representation and Empowerment of Pakistani Women Athletes: An Ethnographic Study of Pakistan Sports Board (PSB), Islamabad
type: item
description: This study investigates the identity representation and empowerment of Pakistani women athletes through an ethnographic inquiry at the Pakistan Sports Board (PSB), Islamabad. Employing Postcolonial Feminism, particularly Lila Abu-Lughod’s critique of Western-centric narratives of empowerment, the research examines how sociocultural norms, religious expectations, political structures, and economic constraints shape female athletes’ everyday experiences. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews, the study highlights how women navigate intersecting barriers such as restricted access to facilities, familial pressures, harassment, and structural inequalities in policy implementation. The findings reveal that while institutional neglect and gendered hierarchies persist, female athletes demonstrate resilience by negotiating agency within cultural frameworks, redefining empowerment through subtle forms of resistance, identity negotiation, and embodied performance. The paper contributes to anthropological scholarship by situating Pakistani women athletes in global feminist debates while offering policy recommendations that advocate for inclusive governance, equitable resource distribution, and women-led leadership in sports institutions.
creator: Sajjal Tafseer
creator: Aiman Ali Syed
creator: Dr. Humaira Zulfiqar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 119
ending page: 130
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2034

Smart Supply Chain & Smart Technologies Adoption to Improve Operational Performance in Manufacturing Industry
type: item
description: In the competitive and progressive world where every company tries to maintain competitive advantage in order to adopt leadership position of the industry by implementing differentiation and cost leadership strategies. In this scenario, 4.0 Industry and adopted Smart Supply Chain as the most effective tool to decrease the overall Supply Chain expenses and increase the profit and improve company operations. Smart Supply Chain has become the essential requirement of every company which has also become an emerging strategic tool & essential facilitator for firms which pursue adaptation with the idea of resilience and sustained competitiveness that results the company to grow exponentially and meets societal and environmental requirements which helps to gain customer confidence and loyalty with the future aspect of relationship. Through content analysis, the model identifies the critical production-level and technology elements that affect a firm's capacity to develop responsive, ecologically sustainable, and digitally oriented supply chains.
creator: Ermun Siddiqui
creator: Sheikh Muhammad Fakhar E Alam Siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 131
ending page: 146
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2037

Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Shared Presuppositions in Pakistani Social Media Memes
type: item
description: The research aims to examine how gender stereotypes in Pakistan are constructed, reinforced, and challenged through presuppositions in social media memes. The paper applies the Presupposition Theory by Stalnaker (1974) to ten viral Pakistani social media memes from Instagram and Facebook to identify the shared background assumptions that render these texts readable without any explanation. The findings reveal that Pakistani expectations of gender are expressed implicitly through implied cultural knowledge, encompassing the beliefs that women’s lives revolve around marriage, that emotional labour is an implicit expectation of women, and that fear of victimization by men structures women’s behaviour. These assumptions mirror social norms and serve as a tool of critique, especially in the feminist online community, which is dominated by humour and irony to confront patriarchy. The article reveals that memes are concise and powerful forms of discourse, which shape the common perception of gender relations through shared social experiences. These findings also contribute to the growing body of knowledge in digital pragmatics since they demonstrate that presupposition is an important tool for meaning-making in Pakistani online culture.
creator: Husna Sajjad
creator: Dr. Arjamand Bilal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 147
ending page: 165
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2038

Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Employee Job Satisfaction in the Banking Sector
type: item
description: This paper discusses the role of transformational and transactional leadership styles in employee job satisfaction in the banking sector and this is with focus on the head office employees, who are key in making strategic decisions, developing their policies, and leading this company. With the current banking market being very competitive and heavily regulated, leadership within the organization has come in as a very important element in influencing employee attitudes, motivation and level of job satisfaction. Such aspects, in their turn, have a great influence on the performance, the quality of the provided services, and retention of employees within the organization. Even though many studies have been conducted to establish the relationship between leadership and job satisfaction, empirical studies have not been conducted to simultaneously examine transformational and transactional leadership styles in banking head offices and particularly in developing economies. It is proposed that the given gap is filled in the current study that will examine the impact of these two leadership styles separately and in comparison, with the vision to finalize which of the two leadership styles is more effective and takes its toll on promoting a positive working environment at the strategic centre of banking institutions. The study is based on a quantitative type of research based on an integrated leadership and motivation framework. The structured questionnaire will be used to gather the data by conducting the interview to a set of employees in the head offices of the chosen banks. The analysis of the data will be based on the highly developed statistical methods to determine the power, direction, and significance of relationships among the leadership styles and the job satisfaction among the employees. The transformational leadership is rated based on the following dimensions such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consi…
creator: Mahjabeen Siddiqui
creator: Omar Ahmed Shaikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 166
ending page: 185
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2039

Aligning Tourism with Sustainable Development Goals: A Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration Framework
type: item
description: Studies reveal that a multi-stakeholder collaboration framework (MSCF) exists in tourism governance, but in a fragmented, mandated regime and a structure of power and commitment to policy issues that perpetuates inequality. To strengthen procedural aspects of governance, participation is largely consultative, with limited influence for community and civil society actors. Therefore, partnership and dialogue legitimize pre-defined policy priorities and track a path that validates transformative governance outcomes. As a social phenomenon, stakeholders can institutionalize the rules and priorities that shape a destination’s development, and rather than being purely technical arrangements, these frameworks reflect relational processes, with actors' interests, benefits, and burdens being well allocated. This paper provides a critical discourse on the extent to which MSCF promotes sustainability, going beyond conventional presumptions related to collaboration. Using a qualitative case study approach, it draws on semi-structured interviews and policy document analysis to assess collaborative processes. In terms of outcomes, MSCFs pursue economic ends more effectively than social or environmental growth-oriented development priorities. Efficacy is more dependent on the intensity of cooperation, institutionalization of power sharing, accountability, and learning. This study contributes to the literature on collaboration for governance and sustainability by identifying the conditions under which MSCFs can deliver transformative sustainability outcomes.
creator: Lamin Drammeh
creator: Sarwar Azhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 186
ending page: 199
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2040

The Impact of E-Learning Control Beliefs on Academic Performance: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
type: item
description: This research examines how control of e-learning beliefs impacts academic performance through the mediating role of self-efficacy. Through social cognitive theory, it proposes that students who perceive greater control over their online learning environment develop stronger confidence in their academic abilities, which enhances the performance of student. Data were collected from 436 students and recent graduates of Pakistani higher education institutions with experience in mandatory online courses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS 24 was applied to test the proposed relationships. The results show that control of e-learning beliefs significantly predicts both self-efficacy and academic performance. Self-efficacy also has a significant positive effect on academic performance and mediates the relationship between control beliefs and academic outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of psychological factors in online learning and suggest that strengthening learners’ sense of control and confidence can improve academic success in e-learning environments.
creator: Muhammad Fahad
creator: Naila Saeed
creator: Warda Ali
creator: Iqra Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 200
ending page: 217
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2045

Gender Inclusivity as a Moderator in the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Employee Commitment Evidence from the Banking Sector of Eastern Zone, Afghanistan
type: item
description: he focus of this study is on the roles of gender inclusivity within the banking sector of Afghanistan's Eastern Zone and its impact on the relationship between organizational justice and employee commitment. Organizational justice theory and the three-component model of commitment are the primary frameworks used in this study. The study uses the quantitative cross-sectional research method. A structured questionnaire was administered to 200 employees of the banks, which included validated measuring instruments. The data was analyzed using SPSS and moderation analysis was carried out using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro. The study's results show that within the banking sector in Afghanistan, there is a positive correlation between organizational justice and employee commitment. However, this correlation is even stronger in banks that have higher gender inclusivity. The results show that employees are encouraged to remain committed to the organization when there are fair treatment policies in place and the organization is gender inclusive and fair. Without gender inclusivity, there is little to no correlation between organizational justice and employee commitment. Most importantly, this study fills a part of the organizational behavior literature by identifying gender inclusivity as a particular and significant contextual boundary condition within the relationship of the constructs of justice and commitment (or the justice and commitment relationship) within the context of the Eastern Zone of Afghanistan, which is a developing and culturally constrained environment. The findings show that banking institutions need to have gender inclusive practices in addition to justice policies to elevate employee commitment and organizational sustainability.
creator: Hushmand Habibi
creator: Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 218
ending page: 231
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2050

Factors Affecting the Sustainability Performance of Financial Institutions in Afghanistan: The Role of Green Finance
type: item
description: The concept of sustainable development has gained priority in the financial systems of the global world, especially among the weak economies that are faced by environmental degradation, social vulnerability and economic instability as significant challenges. Green finance practices are expected to encourage sustainable development by financial institutions through environmental, social, and economic goals, which are integrated in green finance. This paper discusses the impacts of economic and environmental aspect of green finance on the sustainability performance of financial institutions in Afghanistan with the social aspect as a mediating factor. Data was collected using quantitative research design where 200 employees in the Afghan banking industry were been used by having a structured questionnaire based on validated measures used in previous studies. Data analysis was done in SPSS whereby reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and mediation analysis were carried out. The findings show that the economic dimension and the environmental dimension of green finance have a positive and significant impact on the sustainability performance. Besides, these relationships are mediated by the social dimension to some extent. The results also add to the literature on green finance because it offers empirical evidence of a weak economy and has practical implications to policymakers and banking managers interested in enhancing sustainable finance practices in Afghanistan.
creator: Mustafa Ibrahimkhil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-14
publication date: 2026-01-14
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 232
ending page: 245
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2047

Exploring Private School Principal’s Role in School Turnaround: Insights from a Qualitative Case Study in Karachi
type: item
description: This qualitative case study explored the role of a private school’s principal leadership in the turn-around of a formerly underperforming school. The selected private school had exhibited a three-year trend of marked progress since leadership change. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse the effectiveness of the strategies and decisions of the principal as the pedagogic leader to achieve institutional goals and student outcomes. The research utilized a qualitative exploratory research approach in an attempt to attain in-depth insights of the phenomenon. Semi-structured interviews were used as a tool to gather information from the principal and five teachers who had worked under both principals, the previous and the present. The interview findings were supported by classroom observations, general observations and document review revealing the effectiveness of leadership practices in school improvement. The research thus provides empirical support about the implications of the change of leadership at the selected private school.
creator: Hina Fatima
creator: Dr. Shehla Najib Sidiki
creator: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-14
publication date: 2026-01-14
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 246
ending page: 258
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2048

A Qualitative Study of Cognitive Demand and Pedagogical Practice in Tehsil Kohat, Pakistan
type: item
description: Questioning is one of the key pedagogical processes by which the teachers direct learning, evaluate comprehension, and ensure cognitive processes in the classrooms. The study is a qualitative one that examines the questioning skill of teachers in government primary schools in Tehsil Kohat, Pakistan, specifically in the cognitive demand of the questions and their correspondence to the revised taxonomy of Bloom. The observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted in the classroom and using semi-structured interviews with twelve primary school teachers in ten government schools. Thematic analysis showed that lower-order questions related to factual recollection and fundamental understanding were significantly predominant, and higher-order questions based on analysis, evaluation, and creativity were quite few. The practice of questioning among teachers was also limited due to lack of wait-time, limited probing and evaluative feedback. Interviews also showed that time pressure, big classes, examination based courses, and profession training deficit all contributed significantly to questioning practices. The results indicate the disjunction between pedagogical possibilities of questioning and classroom implementation. The research adds context-specific data of the Pakistani primary education, as well as the importance of specific professional development aimed at increased-order questioning, dialogic instruction, and formative assessment practices.
creator: Mahnoor Asim
creator: Dr. Muhammad Nisar
creator: Dr. Muhammad Naseer Ud Din
creator: Dr. Shah Jehan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 259
ending page: 263
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2049

Bridging Vision and Reality: A Critical, Comparative and Scenario-Based Evaluation of Pakistan’s Health Policy
type: item
description: This study uses a multifaceted framework that combines empirical evaluation scenario, forecasting and comparative analysis to critically assess Pakistan’s Health and Population Policy. The study highlights mainly focuses on strategic gaps in digital health infrastructure, equity implementation, financing and governance by comparing it to Bangladesh, Rwanda and India. Three conceivable futures—optimistic, status quo and regressive—are projected by a scenario analysis based on institutional capacity and policy implementation. Significant differences in health infrastructure, workforce distribution, budget utilization and climate resilience are revealed by ground-level analysis. The policy’s success depends on strategic execution, interprovincial coordination and adaptive learning that reflects global aspirations and SDG alignment.
creator: Israr Ahmed
creator: Asim Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-01
publication date: 2026-02-01
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 264
ending page: 278
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2051

Sino-Indian Nexus Within the Framework of Multi-Dimensional Policies
type: item
description: The 21st century has witnessed a significant shift in the dynamic of Sino-Indian relations, marked by a complex interplay of cooperation and competition. This paper examines the evolving policies of China and India towards each other, with a focus on the political dimensions of their bilateral relationship. As China rises as a global power, its policy towards India has become increasingly assertive, while India with its growing economic and military clench, is recalibrating its strategy towards the people’s republic of China PRC. Geographically, China and India are crucial to each other’s security and economic interests, with shared borders and overlapping spheres of influence in South Asia and the Indian. This study employed a qualitative methodology, drawing on primary sources including official documents, Speeches, and press releases, as well as secondary sources such as academic articles and books. Key developments in their relationship, including boundary disputes, agreements like the 2005 Border settlements, and high-profile visits such as Narendra Modi’s 2015 China visit and Xi Jinping’s 2014 India visit are analyzed. Important works consulted include “The Dragon on the World Stage” by Deng Xiaoping, “India- China Relations: “Post 9/11 Indian Foresight Policy Challenges and Opportunities” by Sodhir Kumsr Singh , “China and India Prospects for Peace” by Jonathn Holslage, “India and South Asia Economic Development in the Age of Globalization” by Anjum Siddiqui The Paper argues that while both countries have made efforts to strengthen economic ties, their continue to shape the trajectory of their relationship, with implications for regional stability and global governance.
creator: Farah Zaheer
creator: Samia Jabeen
creator: Nadia Shaheen
creator: Sana Gul
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 279
ending page: 289
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2054

Need Analysis of Free-lance Computer Courses to Enhance Economic Independence of Female Students at Higher Secondary Level
type: item
description: This study aimed to explore the need and effectiveness of freelance computer courses in promoting economic independence among female students at the higher secondary level. Specifically, it investigated students’ opinions regarding these courses and examined differences in perceptions among the participants. The population comprised female students enrolled at the higher secondary level, from which a sample of 1,390 students was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS-26. Findings revealed that students generally recognize the importance of freelance computer courses in enhancing economic independence, while notable differences in opinions were observed based on demographic and academic factors. The study underscores the significance of integrating practical computer and freelancing skills into higher secondary curricula to empower female students economically and socially.
creator: Maryam Sana
creator: Muhammad Akram Malik
creator: Qaiser Abbas Jafri
creator: Shaheena Kanwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 290
ending page: 308
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2055

A Pragmatic Analysis of Deixis in “The Midnight Library”
type: item
description: Multiverse fiction can be difficult to follow because it frequently shifts between different lives, places, and moments in time. Readers may easily feel disoriented when a narrative moves across parallel realities. This article examines how deictic expressions help readers remain oriented in such narratives, focusing on Matt Haig’s The Midnight Library (2020). The study analyzes three types of deixis such as personal, spatial, and temporal through close linguistic analysis within the framework of Critical Stylistics proposed by Jeffries (2010). While deixis has been widely studied in everyday language and in conventional narrative texts, its role in fiction where a single protagonist experiences multiple possible lives has received limited attention. The analysis shows that deixis in The Midnight Library does more than simply refer to people, places, or time. Personal pronouns, particularly I, reflect Nora’s psychological movement from despair towards acceptance. Spatial deixis, especially repeated references to the library, functions as a stable point in an otherwise shifting narrative world. Temporal deixis, including recurring references to midnight and the use of countdowns, creates rhythm and continuity across realities. These findings suggest that deictic choices play an important role in helping readers navigate complex multiverse narratives. The study highlights how understandable linguistic strategies support narrative coherence and sustain reader engagement in contemporary fiction that involves multiple realities.
creator: Rida-E-Fatima
creator: Dr. Muhammad Akram
creator: Shameem Kouser
creator: Aqsa Murtaza
creator: Muhammad Faheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 309
ending page: 324
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2069

Effects of School Leaders Behavior on Teachers Collaboration at Secondary Level
type: item
description: Educational institution more and more give to emphasized teacher collaboration to improve school effectiveness. This study investigated how teacher collaboration and leaders conduct relate to one another at the secondary level in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir the research was supported by theory of planned behavior which \illuminated how individuals intentions were shaped by attitudes and perception. A descriptive quantitative research design was adopted. Data was collected from 174 randomly selected female secondary school teachers across 57 school using a likert scales questionnaire developed by the researcher. The instruments measured teacher perceptions of their principal leadership behavior and the extent of teacher collaboration. Data was analyzed through SPSS using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Conclusion revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between leader’s behavior and teacher collaboration however demographics variables such as age academic qualification and teaching experiences did not show a significant impact on collaboration levels the study confirmed that supportive and participative leadership positively contributed to a collaborative school culture. These finding added to the existing body of literature by highlighting the importance of principal behavior in fostering teacher collaboration the study recommended leadership developments programs that promoted collaborative environments to improve institutional performance and teacher relationship. Future studies were recommended to investigate the long term effects of leadership conduct on student’s efficacy.
creator: Khizra Sharafat
creator: Dr. Erum Shahzadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 325
ending page: 335
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2062

Friendship Self-Regulation through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory: A Study of University Students in Pakistan
type: item
description: Friendships play a crucial role in emotional well-being and identity development, especially during emerging adulthood. Rooted in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study explored how university students in Pakistan regulate their friendships across various demographic and contextual factors. Using the Friendship Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-F), data were collected from a sample of 315 university students to examine how motivational regulation styles (external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic) differed across gender, academic year, socioeconomic status (SES), and academic performance. Significant differences were found in friendship self-regulation scores across academic years, with fourth-year students reporting higher levels of autonomous motivation, particularly identified regulation and intrinsic motivation, than second-year students. Additionally, differences emerged based on gender, SES, and time spent on campus outside of class. The findings suggest that as students’ progress through university, their motivation in friendships becomes increasingly internalized, shaped by both individual development and cultural context. These insights provide a foundation for designing culturally sensitive interventions that promote authentic relational engagement and emotional maturity in Pakistani university settings.
creator: Aqsa Yaqoob
creator: Amina Perveen
creator: Mahwish Ali Khan
creator: Aneela Mushtaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-07
publication date: 2026-02-07
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 336
ending page: 354
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2065

Mitigating Salt Stress in Mustard (Brassica Juncea L.) through Foliar Application of Ascorbic Acid: Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses
type: item
description: Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a member of the Brassicaceae family has great economic and medicinal importance. It is third important crop in world while in Pakistan it is second after the soya bean production. Excess amount of salt changes the soil composition and also effects soil microbial activity and plants roots are damage thus productivity of crop reduced. Ascorbic acid increases growth and productivity of mustard under the saline and normal conditions. The Experiment was conduct to check the use of ascorbic acid to alter negative effects of saltiness on mustard using two cultivar of mustard super Raya and Faisalabad mustard. The salt concentrations used were 0 mM and 100 mM of sodium chloride, applied by dissolving it in Hoagland’s solution after 10 days interval till vegetative stage. Ascorbic acid (AsA) was applied to the leaves at concentrations of 0 mM and 10 mM to counteract the harmful effects of salt stress. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant reduction in morphological parameters in both varieties under salt stress, while ascorbic acid treated plants exhibited an increase in morphological growth attributes. Saline conditions had significant decrease effects on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (40%, 34%, 37%) in V1 (47%, 40%, 39%) in V2 while ascorbic acid application increased (34%, 32%, 29%) in V1 (56%, 40%, 34%) in V2 the content in the current research. Substantial increases were recorded by enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT and POD) in V1 and V2 and total soluble proteins, flavonoids, total soluble sugars content under salinity. There was significant increase in ROS production such as MDA and H2O2 under salt stress. While application of ascorbic acid showed remarkable decrease in MDA and H2O2 production. Salinity marked much increase in Na+ (40% and 40%) accumulation in leaf and root (52% and 55%) by thereby reducing K+ and Ca2+ level ions under stress or increase under treatment of foliarly applied ascorbic acid. I…
creator: Ifrah Nawaz
creator: Ghulam Murtaza Kaleri
creator: Mudassar Nadeem
creator: Nabila Maryam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-08
publication date: 2026-02-08
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 355
ending page: 369
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2064

Emotional Regulation as a Predictor of Anger Management and Empathy in Police Officers: Evidence from Pakistan
type: item
description: Policing is a high-risk occupation of that kind where the exposure to stress is chronic, the interpersonal conflict is high, the emotionally evocative situations that demand effective behavioral control and professional composure are high. Emotional regulation has been recognized as a key psychological mechanism in the way people cope with emotional arousal and respond to stressful environments. However, there is limited empirical evidence studying its role in Pakistani law enforcement. The current study examined the emotional regulation as a predictor of anger management and empathy among police officers of Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey study was used with a purposive sampling of 100 serving police officers in Lahore. Standardized measures of self-report were used to reach emotional regulation, anger management, and empathy. Reliability analyses showed acceptable internal consistency for all scales. Pearson correlation analyses showed the emotional regulation was positive related to anger management (r = .315, p < .01) and empathy (r = .230, p < .05). The findings suggest that officers with higher levels of emotional regulatory capacities are reporting better anger management and higher levels of empathic responsiveness when in a professional context. These results provide support for the notion that emotional regulation reflects an important psychological competency beneath both emotional control and interpersonal sensitivity in policing. The study provides empirical evidence from a non-Western country and the need for structured emotional regulation training in police development programs to drive and improve adaptive behavioral outcomes and police-community relations.
creator: Shah Rukh Shaheen
creator: Ruhi Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-08
publication date: 2026-02-08
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 370
ending page: 379
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2068

The Formula for Employee Extra Efforts and Efficacy: Formal Training, Coaching, Reward and Commitment to Service Quality in the Hotel Industry
type: item
description: The main purpose of the study is to examine approaches for enhancing frontline employees’ CSQ is relatively scarce particularly, in the hotel industry context. This study investigates predicator formal training, Coaching, and reward on frontline employee’s CSQ in the hotel industry. Total 230 questionnaires were administrated to frontline employees and 295 usable questionnaires were received. Structural equation modeling used for data analysis- SmartPlS. Results of this showed that three predicators’ formal training, coaching, and reward has a positive relationship with a CSQ in the hotel industry. It is clear that formal training has significant influence more than coaching and reward. At the same time, the study investigates outcomes of CSQ such as extra efforts and job efficacy. The results outcomes showed that frontline employee CSQ enhances job efficacy and extra efforts. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
creator: Tasneem Razzak
creator: Dr. Khizar Hayat
creator: Dr. Aqeel Israr
creator: Dr. Atif Aziz
creator: Umer Ahrar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 380
ending page: 392
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2074

How Colonial Drainage Systems Reshaped Social Hierarchies in Lahore: Sanitation as Surveillance
type: item
description: The sanitation infrastructure that was introduced in South Asia during the British colonial era was often viewed as an intervention in the sphere of public health to control epidemics and enhance urban hygiene. But, in addition to its professional and medical purposes, sanitation was also a tool with the help of which colonial governments could control the population of cities and restructure the social space. This paper discusses the role of colonial drainage and sewerage systems in Lahore as the tools of control and management between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. The research uses the municipal documents, colonial administrative reports, urban planning documents, and historical maps to explore the ways in which the sanitation reforms reconfigured the space and strengthened the social hierarchies that existed in the colonial city. The discussion shows that the policies of sanitation were well connected to the colonial city control policies. The drainage systems, inspection systems, and sanitation laws provided colonial administrators with the ability to patrol the neighborhoods, provide hygiene standards, and categorize urban areas based on cleanliness. Such categories often overlapped with the socio-economic and professional boundaries, so the distribution of the sanitation facilities in Lahore was uneven. Elite local neighborhoods and residential zones in Europe were given a higher priority in terms of drainage systems and waste management systems, and the crowded native quarters and working areas were not uncommon in terms of being under increased surveillance and management control. In turn, the reforms in sanitation not only have a positive effect on the social health issues but also led to the spatial isolation and governmental control of the colonial urban populations. This analysis allows the development of a concept of sanitation as a variety of surveillance, which is why it contributes to a body of literature on colonial urban gove…
creator: Muhammad Umair Manzoor
creator: Ziafat Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 393
ending page: 406
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2075

Effect of Digital Competence on Academic Self-Efficacy of Undergraduate Students
type: item
description: The growing need of the digital competence within the educational environment leads to the reflection of its projected effects on the academic experiences of students. In line with this predicted relationship, this research has investigated the relationship between digital competence and the academic self-efficacy of undergraduate students. The researchers evaluated the beliefs of undergraduate students regarding digital competence and academic self-efficacy and investigated whether or not academic self-efficacy is influenced by digital competence. The data were gathered on a cross-sectional survey with the help of a quantitative research design of Ex Post Facto type. The tools were a 5-point Likert scale in order to assess the digital competence of students and their academic self-efficacy. The sample employed was 300 randomly selected students of a university in the public-sector. In the study, the results showed that most of the students had positive perceptions regarding their academic confidence and their ability to handle the digital tools. The findings also established that the impact of digital competence on the academic self-efficacy of undergraduate students is positive with a significant implication. The research suggested the provision of projects and orientation to the students, concentrating on the digital and technological skills. It was also suggested that these competencies should be incorporated in the curriculum to increase the digital competencies of undergraduate students.
creator: Rabia Jameel
creator: Dr. Ahmad Bilal
creator: Dr. Dullas Angelo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 407
ending page: 417
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2076

Stress-Epenthesis Interactions in Pakistani English: An Optimality Theoretical Analysis
type: item
description: Pakistani English stands out among non-native English varieties, thanks to its own set of phonological quirks. Most of these come from the first languages of its speakers—Urdu, in particular, leaves a strong mark. One thing you see all the time? Vowel epenthesis. That’s just a fancy term for sticking in extra vowels to break up tricky consonant clusters, and it happens a lot. Then there’s the issue of stress—Pakistani English doesn’t always follow standard English patterns, putting the emphasis in places you might not expect. Here’s the thing, though: researchers usually look at these features on their own. Hardly anyone has zoomed in on how epenthesis and stress play off each other. That’s what this study does, using Optimality Theory as the framework. Epenthesis clearly changes syllable structure in Pakistani English, but no one’s really pinned down how that affects which syllables get stressed. Do these inserted vowels act like “real” vowels when it comes to stress, or do speakers avoid stressing them on purpose? And if they’re skipped over, what does that say about their place in the grammar of a second-language variety? To get at these questions, the study looks at real speech from people whose first language is Urdu. It picks out words where epenthesis happens and checks out the resulting stress patterns. The analysis leans on Optimality Theory to map out how different constraints—like avoiding complex clusters (*COMPLEX), resisting epenthesis (DEP-IO), and keeping prosodic structure in line (FOOTBINARITY, ALIGN-HEAD-RIGHT)—compete and interact. What comes out of the data is pretty clear: sometimes, Pakistani English speakers stress the epenthetic vowels to make the foot structure work; other times, they skip over them to keep the stress on the original, “real” vowels for contrast. This gives us fresh insight into how phonological grammar draws the line between what’s lexical and what’s epenthetic—a big question in Optimality Theory. By laying out the first fo…
creator: Shahid Hussain Mir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 418
ending page: 437
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2077

From Home to Classroom: How Parenting Styles and Parents’ Education Shape Students’ Academic Achievement
type: item
description: Academic performance is one of most crucial determinants of success during secondary school years, which is influenced by many factors such as parenting style and parental education. The present study aimed to find out the impact of parenting style and parents’ education on academic performance of secondary school students. All the male and female students of 10th class of Govt. and private schools in Sargodha city were the population of the study. Students were selected through multistage sampling and sample size for population were (N=300). Questionnaire was adapted from Black dog institute- measure of parental style (Parker et al., 1997) and (Robinson et al., 1995) to measure independent variables of the study. For data analysis frequencies, percentages mean, One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA was used to compare students’ achievement scores with respect to their parenting style. It was found that majority of parents have democratic style with their kids, the impact of the parenting style on achievement scores of students was not significant, the effect of the parenting style on achievement scores of secondary school students with respect to their gender, background and type of instruction were not significant. the impact of education of father on academic achievements of children at secondary level was significant students whose father is under graduated /graduated are better in academic achievements than all other students whose father’s education is secondary/higher secondary, middle, primary and whose father is uneducated, the impact of education of mother on academic scores of secondary school children in Sargodha city was significant students whose mother is under graduated /graduated are better in academic achievements than all other students whose mother’s education is middle. Parents may adapt democratic parenting style and avoid authoritarian and permissive parenting style.
creator: Dr. Nazir Haider Shah
creator: Zil e Husnain
creator: Dr. Maria Bibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-15
publication date: 2026-02-15
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 438
ending page: 455
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2080

Tourism Potential of District Torghar Concerning Buddhist Heritage in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: District Torghar holds immense potential with regard to its rich Buddhist heritage. Nestled in the heart of cultural significance, the district boasts a history intertwined with the teachings and traditions of Buddhism. The ancient sites and artifacts scattered across Torghar provide a glimpse into a bygone era, offering a unique opportunity for cultural exploration and scholarly study. The present research focuses on the serene landscapes that house monasteries, stupas, and historical relics, fostering a connection to the profound spiritual roots of Buddhism. The preservation and promotion of District Torghar's Buddhist heritage not only contribute to the local economy through tourism but also serve as a bridge between the past and present, fostering a sense of cultural identity and understanding. As efforts continue to safeguard and showcase these cultural treasures, District Torghar stands poised to become a beacon for those seeking to explore and appreciate the enduring legacy of Buddhism in the region.
creator: Muhammad Zahoor
creator: Anas Mahmud Arif
creator: Seemab Pervaiz
creator: Nasir Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 456
ending page: 467
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2083

The Wakhi People of Gojal (Upper Hunza): Negotiating Tradition and Change
type: item
description: This research aims to study the social, cultural, and economic changes witnessed by the Wakhi community residing in the Gojal region of the northern part of Pakistan since the independence of the country in the year 1947. This study using the research method of field research, interview research, and library research attempts to find out the ways in which the Wakhi community adjusts to the contradictions between traditionalism and modernity with regard to aspects such as their practice of hospitality, their family structure, their behaviour, or the constitution of their politics, the effect of the Karakoram Highway, the effect of the tourism industry followed by the impact of the development schemes introduced by the Aga Khan Development Network, in addition to finding out the ways in which the Wakhi community still manages to preserve the fundamental features of its cultural identification despite the impact of the modernization forces, hybridity’s, and elements introduced by the outside forces into the country.
creator: Zeeshan Rasheed
creator: Dr. Muhammad Kashif Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-17
publication date: 2026-02-17
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 468
ending page: 478
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2084

Decentralization of the Mughal Governance and Emergence of Gakhar Chief Muqarrab Khan: A Study of Gujrat
type: item
description: This study seeks to explore the political evolution of Gujrat during the mid-eighteenth century, as reflected by the rise of Gakhar leader Sultan Muqarrab Khan. It also seeks to contextualize this rise within the larger framework of Mughal decline and the rise of regional polities within Punjab. The rise of Gujrat as a politically important region is also linked to the invasion of Nadir Shah and subsequent political fragmentation of North India. The region was fertile ground because of its rich agricultural base and strategic location vis-à-vis the Chenab River. The research seeks to explore Muqarrab Khan’s consolidation of power and administration during a time of political flux and turbulence, which was reflected by Afghan invasions, tribal rivalries, and the rise of Sikh military federations. Special attention is given to Muqarrab Khan’s political alliance with Ahmad Shah Durrani. The historical narratives suggest that Muqarrab Khan’s rule was a transitional phase that linked Mughal administration to post-Mughal polity. It is argued that Muqarrab Khan’s rule resulted in an interlude of political stability within Gujrat, which impacted its subsequent incorporation into Sikh and colonial administrations. The research contributes to existing historical narratives on eighteenth-century Punjab by highlighting local leaders who are often overlooked within larger narratives of imperialism.
creator: Sidra Ahmad Shah
creator: Dr. Muhammad Kashif Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 479
ending page: 489
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2085

The Iran–Pakistan Strategic Shift: Energy Alliance or Security Gamble?
type: item
description: Iran Pakistan relationship has entered critical stage which is influenced by changing regional geopolitics, energy insecurity and multiple security interdependence. Bilateral engagement has traditionally been based on geographic proximity and low levels of strategic cooperation, but has lately been concentrated on energy collaboration, especially the proposed Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This paper reviews whether the new partnership is a potential heinous energy alliance or a critical security issue. Through qualitative policy analysis and assessment of geopolitics, the study finds structural forces such as the acute energy shortage in Pakistan and the geopolitical necessity of Iran to diversify its export markets due to sanctions. Nevertheless, the deeper integration is held back by external sanctions regimes, financial constraints, infrastructural constraints, border insurgency, and competing regional alignments. The results indicate that, as much as energy diplomacy offers a sound economic platform on which collaboration can take place, security dilemmas, and geopolitical considerations that have not been resolved yet, could lead to the disintegration of long-term sustainability. During the sustainable bilateral engagement, a measured approach should be adopted by balancing between economic pragmatism and security risk control.
creator: Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari
creator: Maaz Bin Waheed
creator: Ehsanullah Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 490
ending page: 498
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2086

Role of Peer Teaching in Enhancing Academic Performance of Secondary School Students
type: item
description: This study was conducted to find out role of peer teaching in enhancing academic performance of secondary school students. The objectives of the study were: i) To identify the practices of peer teaching at secondary school level, ii) To assess the academic performance of students at secondary school level & iii) To examine the role of peer teaching in enhancing academic performance of secondary school students. The population of the study consisted of (513) secondary school Students of tehsil Kotli. The simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample of Students (220). The study was descriptive in nature and survey method used to collect the data from the respondents. The researcher developed a five-point Likert scale questionnaire for collection of data. The present study holds great significance as it explores a student-centered teaching strategy that has the potential to transform traditional learning practices. In many educational contexts, teacher centered methods dominate the classroom, often resulting in limited student engagement and uneven academic achievement. By focusing on peer teaching, this study highlights an alternative approach that can foster active participation, mutual support, and a deeper understanding of academic content. For students, the study is valuable because it demonstrates how peer interactions can enhance learning outcomes, improve communication and problem-solving skills, and build confidence in a less intimidating environment. For teacher, it provides evidence of an effective supplementary method that not only increases student involvement but also help in identifying learning gaps more efficiently. At the institutional level, the study is significant as it suggests a cost effective, practical, and sustainable approach that can be adopted even in resource constrained schools. Furthermore, for policymakers and curriculum designers, it offers meaningful insights into the importance of integrating collaborativ…
creator: Haleema Sadia
creator: Saima Kayani
creator: Taswar Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 499
ending page: 509
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2087

Nexus among Financial Literacy, Financial Attitude, Financial Experience and ESG Investment in the Banking Sector of Pakistan
type: item
description: Purpose: This study aims to examine the role of financial literacy in shaping investors’ engagement in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments within the banking sector. Specifically, it investigates the direct effect of financial literacy on ESG investment, the mediating role of financial attitude, and the moderating effect of financial experience on the relationship between financial attitude and ESG investment. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative research design was employed. Data were collected from consumers of sustainable financial instruments and green financial products (e.g., green sukuk, green bonds, Renewable Energy Refinance Schemes, green loans, green mortgages, green funds, and sustainable agriculture financing) offered by the banking sector of Pakistan, including Meezan Bank, MCB Bank, and Habib Bank Limited (HBL). The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4. Findings: The results indicate that financial literacy has a significant positive effect on ESG investment. Financial attitude partially mediates the relationship between financial literacy and ESG investment, indicating complementary mediation. Furthermore, financial experience significantly moderates the relationship between financial attitude and ESG investment, strengthening the association. Research Limitations/Implications: The study is limited to selected banks within Pakistan and focuses on specific sustainable financial products, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research may extend the model to other sectors and geographical contexts to enhance external validity. Practical Implications: The findings suggest that policymakers and banking institutions should enhance financial literacy and foster positive financial attitudes among investors to promote ESG investment. Additionally, improving investors’ financial experience can further strengthen ESG-oriented investment behavior. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the growing literatu…
creator: Umar Hayat
creator: Adeel Akhtar
creator: Asma Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 510
ending page: 523
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2088

Designing for the Interactive Screen: Shoppable CTV Advertising and Visual Communication Readiness in Pakistan
type: item
description: The emergence of shoppable Connected Television (CTV) advertising represents a convergence of visual design, interactive media, and digital commerce in contemporary advertising. In mature markets, shoppable CTV formats are transitioning from experimental to mainstream, enabling viewers to purchase products directly through their television screens without interrupting content consumption. However, this evolution presupposes a complex infrastructure of design literacy, interactive visual conventions, and technological readiness that does not uniformly exist across global markets. This paper examines shoppable CTV advertising from a visual communication and advertising design perspective, with particular attention to Pakistan as a case study in emerging market readiness. Drawing on Kress and van Leeuwen's (1996, 2001) multimodal discourse theory, Rogers' (2003) Diffusion of Innovations framework, and Norman's (2013) affordance theory, and informed by the technology leapfrogging literature in development economics (Steinmueller, 2001; Fong, 2009), the analysis investigates the visual communication demands of interactive television advertising and the degree to which Pakistan's current advertising design landscape is equipped to meet them. A conceptual comparative analysis of global CTV design conventions and the Pakistani advertising environment, grounded in secondary sources and industry data, reveals three critical gaps: multimodal design literacy, interactive visual signifier legibility, and e-commerce design integration. Rather than positioning Pakistan as simply behind global trends, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for design-informed CTV adoption that accounts for local visual culture, accelerated adoption through late-mover observation, and the specific communicative context of Pakistani audiences. The paper concludes with implications for advertising design practice, design education, and industry development.
creator: Dr. Syeda Arooj Zehra Rizvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 524
ending page: 538
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2092

Long Term Unemployment and Suicidal Ideation among Educated Adults: The Moderating Role of Gender
type: item
description: Prolonged unemployment is a chronic socioeconomic stressor that significantly heightens vulnerability to suicidal ideation, particularly among highly educated adults whose career trajectories and identity expectations remain unmet. This study examined the association between long term unemployment and suicidal ideation among adults aged 27 to 40 years with at least a bachelor’s degree. Gender was examined as a moderating factor, and depressive symptoms were tested as a mediator within a cross sectional correlational design. A community sample of 186 unemployed participants completed validated psychological scales, including the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, InCharge Financial Distress Scale, and Brief Resilience Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that unemployment duration significantly predicted higher suicidal ideation. Male participants reported notably higher levels of suicidal ideation, and gender moderated the duration–ideation association, with the effect stronger among men. Depressive symptoms partially mediated this relationship, accounting for approximately forty one percent of the total effect. These findings highlight the need for gender responsive mental health screening, targeted psychosocial support, and employment reintegration strategies to mitigate suicide risk among long term unemployed educated adults.
creator: Pulwasha Anwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 539
ending page: 549
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2093

The Ban on Student Unions in Pakistan: A Constitutional Violation of the Right to Association and Equality of Citizens
type: item
description: This article discusses the legal and constitutional aspects of the ban on student unions in Pakistan, which is a ban that has been in force since the Supreme Court issued its historic decision in Muhammad Ismail Qureshi and Others v M Awais Secretary General (IJT) and Others (1993 SCMR 1781). The paper contends that the ban amounts to a substantive contravention of Articles 4, 17, 25, and 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, and also Pakistan obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ruling, which was made without observing the constitutionally defined process of banning political associations, was beyond the remit of the Supreme Court and it violated the separation of powers principle and the parliamentary supremacy. Comparative analysis of the student union systems in the United Kingdom, India, and the United States provides insight to the fact that the student political engagement is universally accepted as part of the civic development, democratic culture, and education right. Structural inequity continues to be ensured by the exclusion of students in the university governance institutions such as the Syndicate, Senate, Academic Council and Discipline Committee, which contravene the equality guarantee in Article 25. This paper suggests legislative change and remedial judicial review as the two main tools to reinstate the constitutional rights of students, and argues in favor of a legislative framework that is based on the Sindh Student Union Act 2022. The results have immense implications on constitutional jurisprudence, civic education policy and safeguarding of basic rights in Pakistan.
creator: Muhammad Zakria
creator: Khizar Hayat
creator: Jahanzaib Noor Muhammad
creator: Aqsa Javed
creator: Noman Nadeem
creator: Dr. Ahmad Saad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 550
ending page: 561
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2094

A Perspective on Murder of the Beloved in Browning’s Poems: “Porphyria’s Lover” and “My Last Duchess”
type: item
description: This paper examines the idea of the beloveds’ murder in Robert Browning’s poems “Porphyria’s Lover” and “My Last Duchess,” focusing on the psychological complexity of the speakers and Browning’s distinctive use of the dramatic monologue. Although Browning often presents life, death, and love through an apparently optimistic lens, these two poems reveal darker and unconventional dimensions of passion, possessiveness, and control. The study begins with a brief overview of Browning’s life and his contribution to the development of the dramatic monologue before moving to a close analysis of the selected texts. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” the speaker justifies the murder of Porphyria as a means of preserving a perfect moment of love, transforming death into an eternal union, while in “My Last Duchess,” the Duke’s calm yet revealing speech exposes jealousy, pride, and an obsessive desire for authority that culminates in the Duchess’s death. Through dramatic irony, Browning allows readers to perceive the moral and psychological distortions of the speakers more clearly than they perceive themselves. Ultimately, the paper argues that Browning redefines love by presenting it as both elevating and destructive, where devotion intertwined with ego and dominance results in the silencing—and ultimate annihilation—of the beloved.
creator: Dr. Adnan Riaz
creator: Dur Jan
creator: Ghafoor Shad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 562
ending page: 567
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2095

Quantifying Drought Severity and Socio-Economic Exposure: An Integrated Risk Assessment Approach for Pakistan
type: item
description: Drought is one of the most long-lasting and multifactorial climate-related disasters that have a severe impact on the water security, agricultural performance, and socio-economic sustainability in the developing world. In Pakistan, climate variability has escalated drought cases in the country, thereby increasing vulnerabilities in arid and semi-arid areas. The proposed study will measure the severity of drought and determine the socio-economic exposure by applying a risk assessment framework. Drought patterns are examined with the use of hydro-climatic indicators, specifically, the Standardized Precipitation Index, on multiple time scales in order to capture variability in intensity and duration. The key indicators that are used in gauging socio-economic exposure are population density, poverty levels, agricultural dependency, and water resource accessibility. It follows a risk-based approach, whereby the drought risk is theorized as the interplay between the hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Spatial analysis is used to determine drought hotspots and areas with an increased socio-economic sensitivity. The results indicate that there is a strong spatial inhomogeneity in the severity and exposure of drought, with the southern and western areas having a higher level of risk because of compounded hydro-climatic stresses and socio-economic vulnerability. The research addresses the gap between the hydrological evaluation and the social vulnerability analysis to provide a data-based background in the drought risk governance. The findings are critical in the policy formulation by policymakers to develop specific interventions, improve climate resilience, and support sustainable water resource management in Pakistan.
creator: Ghulam Rubab
creator: Shaista Jalbani
creator: Abdul Razzaque Soomro
creator: Emmy Maher
creator: Fatima Gull
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 568
ending page: 592
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2096

Influence of Excessive Social Media Usage on Problem Solving Skills and Study Habits of University Students
type: item
description: This research paper has explored the impact of excessive use of social media in problem solving ability and study behavior of undergraduate students at the University of the Punjab. The study used the Uses and Gratifications and Time Displacement theories, and it was based on a quantitative descriptive survey design. The standardized tools were used to gather data among 204 students, namely Excessive Social Media Usage Scale, Problem-Solving Skills Abilities, and Study Habits. The statistical analysis based on the descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analysis showed that although excessive use of social media did not influence the problem-solving ability of students significantly, it had a negative impact on their study behaviors especially time management, concentration, and academic organization. There was a positive correlation between study habits and problem-solving skills. The research finds that moderate use of social media does not affect the cognitive performance, but unregulated use interferes with the academic patterns of the life. It is recommended to incorporate digital literacy and time management training in universities, in order to encourage balanced and productive media consumption.
creator: Muhammad Ahmad
creator: Zahoor Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 593
ending page: 617
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2098

Examining the Impact of Gamification on Private Secondary Grade Students' Engagement, Motivation, and Learning Outcomes in English: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Addressed in this systematic review is the constant challenge of maintaining a secondary grader’s engagement, motivation, and positively fulfilling the learning outcomes while teaching the subject English. By fusing a large array of empirical research published between 2010 and 2025, the study critically evaluates the impact of the implementation and execution of gamification – the application of game design elements in non-game contexts or utilization of specific gamified apps – for students aged 11 to 18, who often struggle with distractions and need engaging, interactive methods. A systematic review of the literature was the methodology, focusing majorly on studies within the secondary grades or teaching English context to provide a multi-layered, age-and subject-specific analysis. Important and many enhancements in affective and academic outcomes were observed. Findings consistently demonstrate that with gamification, both engagement and motivation can be promoted through mechanisms that fulfill the psychological needs for competence, independence, and relatedness. This is as framed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Furthermore, it has been observed that gamified instruction leads to improved learning outcomes across separate skills, including grammar mastery, speaking eloquence and vocabulary acquisition. The effectiveness is heavily dependent on conditions such as teacher training, integration of specific design elements’ integration, how relatable the gamified instructions are, personalized paths and immediate feedback (e.g., in Quizizz or Duolingo) proving to be vital for sustaining intrinsic motivation compared to simple points and leaderboards (PBL). The review identifies critical gaps despite its incomplete efficacy: firstly, a lack of longitudinal studies over a widespread region and year range to confirm that positive results are seen even after the initial novelty effect , and secondly, significant implementation barriers related to adequate teacher …
creator: Maliha Abdul Mujeeb
creator: Mahmood Ahmed
creator: Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 618
ending page: 635
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2099

Urdu Translation and Validation of the Questionnaire for Suicidal Ideation (QSI)
type: item
description: Suicidal ideation is a critical public health concern and a key proximal risk factor for suicide attempts and deaths. The accurate assessment of suicidal ideation is essential for early intervention, clinical monitoring, and research. The Questionnaire for Suicidal Ideation (QSI) is a brief, self-report tool designed to measure suicidal thoughts without confounding factors such as preparatory behaviors or intent. The present study aimed to translate the QSI into Urdu and evaluate its psychometric properties in an Urdu-speaking adult population. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase I involved forward-backward translation, expert review, and cross-language validation using a bilingual sample (N = 60), demonstrating high cross-language equivalence (r = .880, p < .01) and test-retest reliability (r = .910, p < .01). Phase II involved empirical validation in a larger sample (N = 360), assessing internal consistency (α = .838), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). EFA supported a unidimensional factor structure, explaining 58% of the variance, while CFA confirmed excellent model fit (χ²/df = 1.078, CFI = .999, GFI = .986, RMSEA = .015), with all items loading significantly onto a single latent factor. The findings indicate that the Urdu version of the QSI (QSI-Urdu) is a reliable, valid, and culturally appropriate tool for assessing suicidal ideation in adult Urdu speakers. This adaptation provides a brief, psychometrically sound instrument for clinical screening, research, and longitudinal monitoring of suicidal thoughts in South Asian populations.
creator: Muhammad Mansoor Abbas
creator: Dr. Naheed Atta
creator: Dr. Muhammad Luqman Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 636
ending page: 645
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2104

Building Healthy Workplace Relationships between Nursing Staff and Leaders to Improve Service Quality
type: item
description: Purpose: This study explores the impact of nursing staff on commitment to service quality. It also examines the relationship between different leadership styles—namely directive, empowering, and participative—and their influence on commitment to service quality Design/methodology/approach: A survey was administered to nursing staff in public hospitals of Sindh. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed to nursing staff in the public hospitals. Out of 250 questionnaires 213 were received and 41 questionnaires were disposed of due to the main part of the survey questionnaires being missing. Total 172 questionnaires were used for further data analysis. SmartPLS was used for data analysis. Results: The result of the structure model confirmed that participative and empower leadership style has a positive influence on the nursing Commitment to service quality. Besides that, directive leadership style has a negative influence on the nursing Commitment to service quality. The result has also asserted that empower leadership is significantly more positive than the participative leadership style.
creator: Tasneem Razzak
creator: Uzma Atif
creator: Faiz Ahmed
creator: Dr. Aqeel Israr
creator: Dr. Atif Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 646
ending page: 659
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2105

Green Words, Grey Practices: An Eco linguistic Analysis of Green washing Stories in Pakistani Brand Slogans
type: item
description: The paper examines the problem of green washing in Pakistani brand slogans critically based on Eco linguistic framework developed by Arran Stibbe (2015 & 2021). The researchers explore how different brands through language create false stories about the environment. The study involves a data set of 15 slogans in industries, such as bottled water, cosmetics, textiles, food and beverages, telecommunications, and real estate. The study investigates the slogans data set in terms of lexical terms, metaphors, and evaluative language. Results indicate that slogans mostly use symbolic green language, making consumption seem ecological, creating eco-identities, and withholding important information related to the reality of environmental practices. The research sheds light on the green washing techniques of cross-industry in Pakistan by applying the model created by Stibbe to the South Asian region. More specific implications relate to inherent application in the regulation field, encouraging genuine sustainability reporting, and enabling consumers to address eco-assertions critically. Future studies can examine comparative, multimodal, and longitudinal studies of green washing in various markets.
creator: Mahvish Aslam
creator: Aasia Hussain
creator: Dr. Abdul Ghaffar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 660
ending page: 673
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2106

Impact of Visual Merchandising on Customers’ Purchase Decision
type: item
description: This paper sets out to discuss how the in-store retail variables affect the buying behavior of consumers through the mediating variable of purchase intention, as well as the effects of visual merchandising. The study was carried out to fill the gap in the existing literature, which frequently presupposes the existence of a direct correlation between store setting and purchasing behavior, and fails to consider the inner processes of psychological decision making. This relationship is especially relevant to comprehend in the context of modern retail where consumer behavior is becoming more and more multifaceted and experience-oriented. The quantitative research design was applied based on a structured questionnaire and was modeled with the help of the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The researchers determined the correlations of several constructs, such as display set, signage, storage environment, variety, eye level product display, visual merchandising, purchase intention, and purchase decision made by consumers. The results indicate that visual merchandising does not have a significant direct impact on purchase decision (β = 0.017), whereas purchase intention has a significant positive impact (β = 0.538). Also, the model explains the purchase intention (R2 = 0.021) and purchase decision (R2 = 0.290) with low and moderate power, respectively. These findings suggest that the buying decisions are always influenced more by internal motives as opposed to external store stimuli. The study is important because it redefines the aspect of visual merchandising as an indirect influence and it shows the role of psychological factors in consumer behavior. It offers worthwhile research that can be included in the future studies to include emotional and experience variables into an in-depth model.
creator: Ujala Shafqat
creator: Sheikh Muhammad Fakhar E Alam Siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 674
ending page: 695
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2107

Digital Literacy and Academic Performance of University Students: A Quantitative Study
type: item
description: This paper set out to investigate the correlation between digital literacy and academic performance among college students with special emphasis on the main aspects of digital literacy such as digital skills, research skills, communication skills and confidence. The research also evaluated the perceived levels of these competencies among the students in the context of higher education. Quantitative research design was adopted and data was gathered using a structured questionnaire which was given to 219 students of social science disciplines in the Bahauddin Zakariya University and the Institute of Southern Punjab. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a strong positive correlation between digital literacy elements, especially between digital skills and research skills and academic performance of students. There were also significant associations with communication skills and confidence, which suggest that they contribute to the improvement of learning outcomes. The findings indicate that the increased digital literacy levels lead to better academic performance among students in universities. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that higher education establishments should consider incorporating digital literacy programs into their curricula to improve the level of competencies and academic performance of their students. Also, institutional initiatives ought to be directed towards enhancing student and teacher participation in online learning.
creator: Sajida Rubab
creator: Dr. Amna Saleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 696
ending page: 709
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2103

The Effect of Social Media Marketing Activities on Brand Outcome: A Mediating Role of Value Co-Creation
type: item
description: Social media marketing activities have played a central role in boosting a product by improving its brand image, purchase intention and brand loyalty of customers. This study has empirically evaluated the effectiveness of such activities with a specific focus on the mediating roles of value co-creation. The study is based on quantitative data analysis. The data was collected by survey method from 467 respondents, predominantly comprising Gen Z, restaurant customers and business professionals. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied using PLS4 as a software for data analysis. The study found a significant and positive impact of social media marketing activities on brand outcome. The results depicts that the marketing activities have a direct positive effect on value co-creation. These key marketing outcomes are highly significant and positive. The role of mediator of value co-creation found to be positive and have significant effect, which shows that value co-creation mediates the relationship between social media marketing activities and brand outcome. The study highlights the effectiveness of social media marketing activities to enhance brand image, purchase intention and brand loyalty with effective mediation role of value co-creation.
creator: Shahla Sohaib
creator: Dr. Kaleem Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 710
ending page: 719
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2110

Exploring the Moderated Mediation Effect of Job Satisfaction and Job Self-Efficacy on Work-Life Balance and Subjective Well-Being
type: item
description: Drawing on the spillover mechanism and a positivist philosophy, we investigate the association among work-life balance, subjective well-being, job self-efficacy, and job satisfaction among healthcare professionals in Pakistan. By utilizing a sample of 329 Health Care Professionals, the author tested the proposed relationships. Findings supported the hypothesized theoretical scheme, which posited that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between work-life balance and subjective well-being. Specifically, higher work-life balance leads to greater job satisfaction, which in turn enhances subjective well-being. However, this mediated effect was not moderated by job self-efficacy. Based on these findings, the author concluded that the association between work-life balance and subjective well-being among Health Care Professionals is more complex than previously assumed and thus proposed a model of moderated mediation. In summary, work-life balance enhances subjective well-being through job satisfaction, but this indirect effect becomes insignificant when job self-efficacy is high. We also present our theoretical contributions, practical implications, and recommendations for future research.
creator: Zameer ul Hasan
creator: Dr. Muhammad Imran Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 720
ending page: 736
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2111

Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers in Kotli, AJ&K: Role of Work Environment, Rewards, and Administration
type: item
description: Job satisfaction is an emotional reaction towards a job. It is the positive or negative feelings which come from job related frustrations. In this paper, the authors analyze which of work environment, rewards and administration have more influence on job satisfaction of secondary school teachers of Kotli, AJ&K. The paper addresses one's working environment's impact on teacher performance, motivation and job satisfaction; how teacher's motivation, commitment and work productivity can be influenced by the provision of compensation benefits, rewards and recognition; present the role of the administrators in motivating the teams, thereby improving organizational effectiveness, teacher support and working management. Structured questionnaires were distributed to 183 teachers, and their answers were summarized with descriptive statistics. The results show that teachers think positively of their work environment. They have personal relationships through which they help each other and, therefore, have a pleasant time at work. Besides, they experience only a few conflicts. On the other hand, since the teachers reported doing lots of work, excessive paperwork and burning out of students so soon in the year, there seems to be a very serious factor of stress and exhaustion. Nevertheless, teachers seem to enjoy their profession and are willing to give up their administrative tasks in favor of teaching. As far as rewards are concerned, teachers are moderately satisfied with salary and benefits, but the fact that there are limited promotion and reward opportunities has led to their feeling of being underappreciated. Administration staff have been scored highly on justice and understanding but have been rated very low in equal work distribution. Among the suggestions of this research are digitally handling of administrative work load, open promotion and reward system, monitoring workload and well-being programs for addressing early burnout, and upgrading salary schemes. Lead to tea…
creator: Shamsa Munir
creator: Uzma Riaz
creator: Asma Tariq
creator: Zarish Altaf
creator: Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 897
ending page: 906
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v3i3.2130

The Behaviour of Interior Designers toward AI-Based Taxation and Its Impact on Sustainability in the Construction Sector: Evidence from an Emerging Economy
type: item
description: The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in taxation systems is reshaping compliance behaviour and sustainability practices within the construction sector, particularly among design professionals. Yet, little research has examined the behavioural response of interior designers towards AI-based taxation systems and the impact of these responses on sustainability practices in emerging economies. The present research examines interior designers' behavioural responses to AI-based taxation systems and how it affects sustainability in the construction industry. This study used a quantitative approach, with a questionnaire survey of interior designers in an emerging economy's construction and design industry. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data through SmartPLS software to examine the associations between constructs of AI adoption behaviour, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, tax compliance behaviour and sustainability orientation. The results demonstrate that AI adoption positively affects tax compliance behaviour among interior designers. In addition, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness enhance the positive behavioural responses to AI-based taxation systems. The findings also suggest that enhanced tax compliance behaviour has a positive impact on sustainability in construction projects, such as effective resource management and eco-friendly design. The results confirm the importance of behavioural acceptance of AI-based taxation systems in achieving sustainable construction. Furthermore, the mediating effect of compliance behaviour indicates the need for user-friendly AI tax systems in developing economies. Overall, the study highlights the importance of increasing the perceived usefulness and ease of use of AI among interior designers to achieve better tax compliance and sustainability. Governments and regulators need to prioritise the development of transparent and easy-to-use digital tax systems fo…
creator: Samia Shamshad
creator: Aleena Mehmood
creator: Saleh Shahbaz
creator: Tashakkur Fatima
creator: Hafiz Ahmed Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 737
ending page: 749
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2113

Relationship between Digital Learning Engagement, Peer-Study Practices, and Academic Performance among MBBS Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Medical education in Pakistan is gradually adjusting to changes in how students’ gain access to and process and apply knowledge. While the MBBS curriculum continues to rely heavily on face-to-face teaching, the learning environment surrounding students has expanded beyond the classroom. Universities and affiliated teaching hospitals now operate within a setting where digital platforms, recorded lectures, online academic content, and informal peer networks play a visible role in everyday learning practices. These developments have prompted educators to reconsider how learning actually occurs outside scheduled teaching hours. Current medical students’ study with and rely on resources provided and available digitally, accessing them to supplement traditional instruction in classroom teaching. This may include online lecture recordings, other educational videos, and mobile applications, which have become increasingly commonly to revise or study complex topics or explain concepts introduced during lectures. In addition to provided platforms such as through the LMS, students frequently also use publicly available information, in the form of digital content, that is in particular, digitally available educational material shared through video-based or social media platforms. The study finds that students’ peer-study practices have also changed over time and with more and more students relying on messaging application to clear concepts and create online discussions, the traditional peer study library groups have evolved not only distance but also with the help of online and digital forums that encourage digital peer study engagement, rather than one on one in person interactions. Such evaluations may be conducted later to correlate knowledge with student passing/failing, or their performance, to deem them ready for clinical applied medical training; however, digital learning engagement and peer study may still informally persist and continue unassessed, as part of continuing…
creator: Sanam Soomro
creator: Dr. Nuzhat Naz
creator: Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel
creator: Noor-e-Sahar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 750
ending page: 770
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2114

An Analysis of Career Counseling Services at the Elementary Level in Tehsil Nakyal, Kotli AJ&K
type: item
description: This research, which is quantitative and uses a survey method, aimed to evaluate the career counseling services available at the elementary school level in Tehsil Nakyal, Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It primarily focused on exploring five main counseling services: appraisal, placement, referral, remedial, and informational services being offered to elementary school children. The research method used was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The study population was 1, 569 students of elementary classes from government elementary schools of Tehsil Nakyal, Kotli AJ&K. A simple random sample of 350 students was selected. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire comprising 15 items was developed and content validity was established by subject matter experts. Reliability was checked by Cronbach's alpha. Data collection was carried out by the researcher personally, and the analysis of the data was performed using percentages, mean scores, and standard deviation. The study shows that a large proportion of students do not agree that appraisal, placement, referral, and remedial services are being provided to them. On the other hand, students expressed agreement that informational services are provided. The results of the study throw light on the fact that the elementary schools provide only informational services to students without an in-depth counseling program at the elementary level. The main source of all these services are the teachers as there is no professional counselor at the elementary level. The suggestions recommend career counseling at the elementary level to orient students about career awareness and educational choices as well as the provision of appraisal, placement, referral, and remedial services to students.
creator: Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen
creator: Nosheen Rashid
creator: Mahnoor Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 783
ending page: 795
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2116

A Multi-Source Surveillance System for Face Detection and Identity Matching Using Live and Pre-Recorded Video Streams
type: item
description: This research presents the design and implementation of a multi-source surveillance system for face detection and identity matching using both live CCTV feeds and pre-recorded video streams. The system aims to automate the monitoring process by detecting human faces in video inputs and matching them against a predefined database of known individuals. By integrating computer vision techniques with a user-friendly interface, the system provides real-time and offline analysis capabilities. The proposed system utilizes video processing techniques to extract frames from input sources, followed by face detection and feature encoding. Detected faces are compared with stored facial data to identify individuals and classify them into predefined categories such as authorized, watchlist, or unknown. The system is implemented using Python-based tools, enabling efficient processing and visualization through an interactive dashboard. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can accurately detect and recognize faces under varying conditions, although performance may be affected by lighting, resolution, and camera angles. This approach highlights the potential of intelligent surveillance systems in enhancing security monitoring while also emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and data privacy. The system can be further improved by incorporating real-time alert mechanisms, larger datasets, and advanced deep learning models to increase accuracy and scalability.
creator: Rozina Chohan
creator: Azhar Hussain Lashari
creator: Muzamil Hussain
creator: Shazia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 796
ending page: 802
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2118

Stress Level and Coping Strategies among Baccalaureate Internee Nurses in Private and Public Teaching Hospitals in Peshawar
type: item
description: Introduction: Nurses are a vital part of the healthcare system, which makes patient care and the delivery of healthcare possible. Nurses are involved in a very close and more interaction with patients as compared to other healthcare professionals. Nursing is known to be a highly stressful profession, due to the multidisciplinary nature of working as well as providing counselling and guidance to patients and their families. Nurses have been exposed to high physical and psychological stresses, negatively influencing their well-being. Objective: To determine the stress levels and coping strategies among generic internship nurses working in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Methodology: A Quantitative Descriptive Cross-sectional study was carried out in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar from June 2024 to December 2025 and included 169 internee nurses via a convenience sampling technique. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Coping Behaviour Inventory (CBI) were used for data collection. Results: Data was analysed from 169 nurses, with a mean age of 24.38±.635, n=78 (46.2%) were male, and n=91 (53.8%) were female. Participants were included from 14 wards, with the highest number of participants from orthopaedic (28), ICU (22) and gynaecology (21). Severe stress was reported in 29%, moderate in 61% and mild in 10% of participants. Overall stress was reported in 89% of private and 80% of government hospital nurses. Working on the night shift (p=0.031), the gynaecology ward (p=0.002), and the orthopaedic ward (p=0.037) had a significant association with occupational stress.
creator: Muhammad Shoaib
creator: Muhammad Hussain
creator: Gul Nazar
creator: Habib Ur Rahman
creator: Adil Hussain
creator: Najeebullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 803
ending page: 809
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2119

Greenpeace as a Non-State Actor in Politics: Lobbying Against Fossil Fuel Expansion in the European Union
type: item
description: This paper looks into the activities of Greenpeace as a non-state actor in environmental governance within the European Union, with an emphasis on the organization's lobbying for fossil fuels reduction over the past two decades. Within the scope of the topic, this paper will look at the use of different kinds of strategies, including but not limited to research, public mobilization, coalition formation, and institutional participation. This will be done with reference to the concept of advocacy coalitions and using the case study of Greenpeace's activities related to reducing the impact of fossil fuels. In particular, it is possible to say that the organization uses its capacity for both insider and outsider lobbying and, thus, can influence the policy process from within and from outside. It can be seen that Greenpeace has succeeded in its attempts to shape the policy debate, stimulate energy transitions, and reduce the dominance of fossil fuel industry. At the same time, it cannot be said that the results of its activities have been fully effective because of different kinds of structural constraints. The findings suggest that although non-state actors like Greenpeace play a critical role in accelerating climate governance, their influence is complementary rather than decisive, requiring strong governmental action to achieve long-term decarbonization goals.
creator: Sham Kumar
creator: Mohammed Rikaz Beeru
creator: Junaid Ahmed Memon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 810
ending page: 825
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2120

Climate Change, Social Vulnerability, and Livelihood Transformations: A Sociological Analysis of Communities in the Thar Desert, Pakistan
type: item
description: The present study analysed the effects of climate change on the social vulnerability and livelihood changes of communities in the Thar Desert, Pakistan. Using a qualitative research approach, the study examined the impact of recurrent droughts, water scarcity, and environmental degradation on the socio-economic circumstances and livelihoods of the local people. Focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted with members of the community, including farmers, pastoralists, and women, as well as key informants who are knowledgeable about the environmental and social dynamics in their community. The results indicated that climate change had resulted in agricultural productivity, livestock loss, and reliance on migration and non-formal employment. These changes increased social vulnerability, especially for the more disadvantaged segments of society, due to limited access to resources, low institutional capacity, and already existing socio-economic disparities, which reduced adaptive capacity. The study also revealed a distinct gender difference, that the impacts on women were severe, and that they were particularly burdened with coping with household survival during scarcity. In the face of such difficulties, communities showed adaptive strategies that were based on their local knowledge and social networks. In Conclusion, the study found that climate change was not just an environmental problem but also a very social problem, which requires multi-sectoral, community-based, and socially participatory approaches to build resilience in the Thar desert.
creator: Rahib Ali
creator: Mansoor Ali
creator: Salahuddin Solangi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 826
ending page: 837
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2121

Transformations in HR Technology Platforms: Analyzing Their Impact on Workforce Engagement and Retention
type: item
description: The human resource (HR) functions are highly digitized, with organizations implementing integrated HR technology platforms and little empirical evidence to date on the impact on workforce engagement and retention. This paper explores the quantitative impact of the HR technology platforms on workforce engagement, retention and organizational impact. A cross-sectional survey was employed when it was possible to collect data from 315 individuals with a variety of organizational roles (employees, HR managers, team leads, and HR/IT specialists) and organization sizes. The assessment tool comprised 4 constructs with 5-point Likert scale, all of which are validated - HR Technology Adoption (5 items), Workforce Engagement (6 items), Workforce Retention (5 items), and Organizational Impact (5 items). The reliability analysis showed acceptable to high level of internal consistency for the items which had a Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.842 (HR Technology Adoption) to 0.903 (Organizational Impact). Overall agreement was high across all constructs, as suggested by descriptive findings: HR Technology Adoption (M = 4.01), Workforce Engagement (M = 4.08), Workforce Retention (M = 4.08), and Organizational Impact (M = 4.16). The highest-rated ones were: Easy access to HR services (M = 4.20) in engagement; Career development opportunities (M = 4.18) in retention; and Improved efficiency (M = 4.22) in organizational impact. On the other hand, relative gaps were found in employee training on HR systems (M = 3.89) and participation in activities (M = 3.95). The empirical results are that HR technology platforms positively and significantly improve workforce engagement, retention, and performance, with career development and analytics-based strategies as major drivers. Nevertheless, certain investments in user training, cross-departmental integration, and change management are required to overcome the intractable adaptation issues. The paper provides practical lessons to HR practition…
creator: Muhammad Shoaib Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 838
ending page: 850
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2122

Climate Change Litigation and Environmental Justice in Pakistan: Lesson from Singapore
type: item
description: Climate change has emerged as one of the greatest threats to humanity in the twenty first century, disproportionately affecting developing countries such as Pakistan. Despite contributing less than 1% to global greenhouse gas emissions, Pakistan remains among the countries most vulnerable to climate disasters, including floods, droughts, heatwaves, glacier melting, and water scarcity. The devastating 2022 floods in Pakistan, which affected more than 33 million people, highlighted the urgent need for effective climate governance and environmental justice mechanisms. Climate change litigation has therefore become an important legal instrument through which citizens, activists, and courts seek accountability from governments and corporations for environmental harm and failure to fulfill constitutional and international obligations. This research examines the role of climate change litigation in promoting environmental justice in Pakistan and comparatively analyzes the governance model of Singapore. Singapore primarily relies on strong administrative governance, effective implementation mechanisms, sustainable urban planning, and strict environmental regulation instead of judicial intervention. The study aims to identify the weaknesses in Pakistan climate governance system and explore how lessons from Singapore can improve institutional efficiency, environmental protection, and climate accountability in Pakistan. This research explores the intersection of climate change litigation and environmental justice within Pakistan's legal framework, using Singapore advanced environmental governance as a comparative benchmark. Pakistan, being one of the most climate-vulnerable nations, faces unique challenges such as glacier melting and floods, which excessively affect marginalized communities. While Pakistan has seen landmark judicial activism (Asgar Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan), it lacks the rigorous legislative implementation seen in Singapore. This study utilizes a comp…
creator: Dr. Muhammad Saqlain Haider
creator: Muhammad Hannan Ali
creator: Umar Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 851
ending page: 862
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2123

A Survey on the Effectiveness of Video Based Teaching at University Level
type: item
description: This study surveyed the effectiveness of video-based teaching at the university level, specifically identifying the uses and problems associated with video-based instruction. The study was descriptive in nature employing a survey method. The population consisted of all 836 students from the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Kotli AJ&K. Using simple random sampling, 270 students were selected as the sample. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed, validated by two educational experts, and tested for reliability using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.81). Data were collected personally by the researcher and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 with descriptive statistics. Results indicated strong student agreement regarding the uses of video-based teaching, including introducing students (79% agreement, mean=3.92), presenting case studies (100%, mean=4.44), conducting interviews (100%, mean=4.35), and delivering course information (100%, mean=4.62). Regarding problems, students reported issues with video-based learning (96%, mean=4.29), listening difficulties (96%, mean=4.21), communication problems (91%, mean=4.10), inability to learn social skills (94%, mean=4.14), lack of technological proficiency (97%, mean=4.18), and financial challenges (88%, mean=4.03). Regarding effectiveness, students agreed that video-based teaching creates engaging sensory experiences (87%, mean=3.98), is accessible on multiple devices (95%, mean=4.21), increases student engagement (95%, mean=3.90), offers flexibility to pause and rewind (100%, mean=4.63), enables flipped classrooms (96%, mean=4.16), and facilitates remote learning (100%, mean=4.31). The study concludes that video-based learning is an effective tool for university-level instruction offering numerous benefits; however, significant challenges exist including listening difficulties, communication barriers, limited social skill development, technological proficiency gaps, and financial constraints that need to be…
creator: Jawaria Tabbsum
creator: Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen
creator: Uzma Riaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 863
ending page: 873
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2124

Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption and Farm Income Stability Under Extreme Weather Conditions
type: item
description: Farms are no longer facing a peripheral production risk due to extreme weather. It is direct income stabilization. The article employs a secondary qualitative review research design to assess the impacts of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption on farm income stability in the face of heat, drought, flood and climatic variability. At the conceptual and secondary levels, the literature review is constructed based on the CSA, innovation diffusion and resilience, and the results intentionally employ another batch of 18 primary empirical studies. A thematic analysis finds that there are 4 cross-cutting patterns: bundled CSA practices are more consistently linked with both income and yield gains than single practices; extension, credit, cooperatives and digital advisory services determine adoption; resilience is more attributable when CSA attenuates income gains in shock years, not when it raises the average yield; and methodological claims are limited by cross-sectional data, selection bias and unequal access. The article contends that CSA is better suited to a risk-management portfolio than to a technology package.
creator: Hou Tianjiao
creator: Ermi Girsang
creator: Clarissa Lister
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 874
ending page: 884
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2125

Role of Electronic Media in Teaching Moral Development among Intermediate Grade XI-XII Students: Evidence from District Central Karachi
type: item
description: This paper examines the effects of electronic media on the development of children's personalities. Children aged 5-12 years are increasingly exposed to electronic media such as television, mobile phones, and the internet from a young age. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects electronic media has on children's behavior, emotions, and personalities. This research followed a qualitative approach. Data for the study was gathered through semi-structured interviews as well as open-ended questionnaires among parents and teachers of children in a primary school. Data obtained was then compared using thematic analysis in an effort to identify themes and patterns. From the observations of this study, it is revealed that the use of electronic media has a positive as well as a negative impact on the personality of the child. Educational programs on electronic media can be very helpful in the sense that they can increase the rates of learning and boost the confidence of the child. At the same time, an unbalanced use of electronic media can lead to aggression and lack of attention of the child.
creator: Alexander Ismat
creator: Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 885
ending page: 896
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2127

Stress and Safety in Digital Aviation: Ground Employee Experience, Technology Driven Work Environment
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationships between digital technology usage, stress, and safety performance among aviation ground employees in Pakistan's technology-driven work environments. The research is primarily grounded in the Job Demands-Resources Model, and secondary supported by the Transactional Theory of Stress and Techno-stress Model, the research examines five key constructs: digital technology use (independent variable), techno-stress and occupational stress (mediators), job resources and support (moderator), and safety performance (dependent variable). Data were collected from 220 ground employees across Pakistani airports using a structured questionnaire with six sections measuring demographics, technology usage, techno-stress, occupational stress, job resources, and safety performance. Analysis was conducted using Smart PLS for structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), including reliability and validity testing (convergent and distinctive), path analysis, and mediation-moderation examinations. Findings indicate that digital technology use is significantly and positively associated with both techno-stress and occupational stress. However, only occupational stress significantly and negatively influences safety performance, whereas techno-stress does not have a significant effect. Occupational stress serves as a mediator in the relationship between technology use and safety performance, but techno-stress does not mediate this relationship, and the proposed serial mediation pathway is not supported. Job resources and support do not significantly buffer the detrimental effects of either techno-stress or occupational stress on safety performance. Overall, the model explains a modest portion of the variance in safety performance. Practically, the findings inform aviation organizations in implementing technology training, stress management programs, and supportive supervision. For regulators, results support policies integrating employee wellbeing into safety …
creator: Ali Shahbaz
creator: Hafiza Mahnoor Khalid
creator: Shahid Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 907
ending page: 932
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2132

A Comprehensive Study of the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea and its Human Right Deficits
type: item
description: This research digging deeper the human rights gaps within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and analyzes the challenges to protect individual rights at sea. The study concentrates on issues relating to maritime migration, rescue obligations and jurisdictional uncertainty. Using a doctrinal research methodology the study assesses treaties, case law and scholarly literature concerned about maritime human rights protection. The research concludes that UNCLOS equips limited human rights law that is necessary to ensure effective protection for individuals at sea. The paper discuss the lack of human rights at sea under UNCLOS which lead to uncertainty about state responsibility as well as weak protection for those groups that requires special treatment like migrants, seafarer and refugees. It also argued that human rights law at sea is essential for proper protection of individual fundamental rights at sea.
creator: Dr. Muhammad Saqlain Haider
creator: Arslan Sadiq
creator: Adeel Ammar Asghar Minhas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 933
ending page: 937
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2133

Trichogramma Chilonis and Bacillus thuringiensis for Sustainable Management of Sugarcane Top Borer (Scirpophaga Excerptalis) in Mardan
type: item
description: The sugarcane top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) is a major pest of sugarcane in Pakistan, causing substantial yield losses and reducing farmer incomes. This study evaluated integrated pest management options for top borer under field conditions at the Sugar Crops Research Institute, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Five treatments were compared: release of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis (50,000 adults/ha), application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, 1.5 kg/ha), integrated treatment (T. chilonis + Bt), granular carbofuran (2.5 kg/ha, chemical standard), and an untreated control. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data were recorded on dead heart incidence, larval population, bored internodes, cane yield, sucrose content, and benefit cost ratio. The integrated treatment reduced dead heart incidence to 4.2% at 120 days, compared to 3.8% for carbofuran and 14.6% for the control (difference not statistically significant). Larval reduction reached 76% in the integrated treatment versus 81% in carbofuran. Cane yield was 68.2 t/ha for the integrated treatment (not significantly different from carbofuran at 69.5 t/ha) and 47.3 t/ha for the control. Sucrose content was 18.4% in the integrated treatment, comparable to carbofuran (18.1%). The benefit cost ratio was higher for the integrated treatment (3.9) than for carbofuran (2.8) due to lower input costs. The integrated treatment also preserved natural enemy populations, whereas carbofuran reduced them by 70%. The main finding is that integrating T. chilonis with Bt suppresses top borer damage almost as effectively as carbofuran while providing a safer, more economical, and ecologically sustainable IPM profile. This bio intensive package is recommended for smallholder sugarcane farmers in Mardan and similar regions.
creator: Muhammad Tariq Khan
creator: Fawad Khan
creator: Madieha Ambreen
creator: Akhlaque Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 938
ending page: 947
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2134

Effectiveness of Blended Learning and Flipped Classroom Practices in Private Schools of Karachi: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: The increasing adoption of blended learning and flipped classroom practices has transformed modern educational environments by promoting student-centered learning, active participation, and collaborative instructional strategies. This comparative study examined the effectiveness of blended learning practices in two adequately resourced private school systems in Karachi, Pakistan: Aga Khan Education Service, Pakistan (AKESP), and Beaconhouse School System (BSS). The study focused on pedagogical implementation, student engagement, classroom interaction, and perceived learning outcomes associated with blended instructional approaches. A quantitative comparative research design was employed, and data were collected from 60 teachers through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare blended learning practices and instructional effectiveness between both school systems. The findings revealed significant differences between AKESP and BSS regarding blended learning implementation, student engagement, learning outcomes, and instructional practices. AKESP demonstrated stronger pedagogical integration and more effective student-centered teaching practices. The study emphasized the importance of pedagogical readiness, instructional quality, and teacher expertise in successful blended learning environments.
creator: Maryam Manzoor
creator: Syeda Aliya Fatima
creator: Hina Mir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 948
ending page: 959
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2135

Exploring the Relationship of AI Literacy with Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Students in Higher Education
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy has emerged as an essential competency for higher education students in an era of rapid technological advancement. This study investigated the relationship between AI literacy and students’ critical thinking (CT) and problem-solving skills (PSS). A quantitative research design was employed using a structured survey administered to students from various academic disciplines in higher education institutions. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 300 students representing diverse educational backgrounds. The research instruments measured students’ levels of AI literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the overall levels of the study variables, while correlation and regression analyses were conducted to examine the strength and nature of the relationships among them. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between AI literacy and both critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, regression analysis indicated that AI literacy is a significant predictor of students’ higher-order cognitive abilities. The results suggest that students with higher levels of AI literacy are more likely to demonstrate stronger analytical, evaluative, and problem-solving capabilities. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on AI in education by highlighting the importance of integrating AI literacy into higher education curricula. Promoting AI literacy can enhance students’ cognitive development, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities, thereby preparing them more effectively for academic success and future professional challenges in an AI-driven world.
creator: Muhammad Shahab Amir
creator: Muhammad Uzair ul Hassan
creator: Iram Parveen
creator: Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
creator: Shaiza Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 960
ending page: 973
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2136

Student Perception of AI Detection Tools: Trust, Fear, and False Accusations in Pakistani Universities
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude has transformed higher education worldwide, including in Pakistan. Universities increasingly rely on AI detection software like Turnitin AI Detector, GPTZero, ZeroGPT, and Copyleaks to preserve academic integrity. However, concerns regarding the reliability, fairness, and ethical implications of these systems continue to grow. This article critically examines student perceptions of AI detection tools in Pakistani universities, focusing on three interconnected themes: trust, fear, and false accusations. Drawing upon global empirical research, emerging debates in higher education, and the sociocultural realities of Pakistani academia, the study argues that excessive dependence on AI detection systems creates psychological anxiety, weakens institutional trust, and disproportionately affects students with formal academic writing styles or English as a second language (ESL) backgrounds. The paper further explores how false positives undermine academic confidence and institutional legitimacy. The article concludes that universities in Pakistan should shift from punitive surveillance models toward transparent, ethical, and AI-inclusive educational policies that emphasize academic literacy, process-based assessment, and human judgment rather than algorithmic certainty.
creator: Dr. Shehla Sheikh
creator: Dr. Fahmida Bibi
creator: Nadia Bushra
creator: Tahira Shameem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-06
publication date: 2026-06-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 974
ending page: 985
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2137

Community Engagement and Enrollment Outcomes in the Schools of Punjab Education Foundation (PEF): Awareness and Communication Strategies
type: item
description: This research examines the significance of community involvement and communication approaches to influencing enrolment experiences in Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) supported schools. Although there is a policy push to increase access to education through public-private partnerships, there remains a disparity in access, especially in rural and low-income areas. The study is a Qualitative study design with the use of Focus group discussions among the community members living around the PEF schools. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the patterns of awareness, communication channels and decision-making processes for enrolment. The study indicates that there is high awareness of free education and PEF affiliation, but little awareness of formal enrollment campaigns. Much information on enrollment is spread via formal social networks and the use of structured communication methods, like public announcements, print materials and door-to-door visits, is not consistent. A lack of systematic outreach makes it difficult to achieve the effectiveness of formal enrolment campaigns, and relies more on personal relationships to share information. The study findings suggest that although PEF initiatives have been effective in enhancing access in the form of free schooling, weak mechanisms of community engagement impede the effectiveness of enrollment communication. Strengthening structured outreach and adopting integrated communication strategies are recommended to enhance equitable enrollment outcomes in underserved communities.
creator: Sania Falak
creator: Dr. Misbah Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 986
ending page: 998
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2142

Pakistan’s Strategic Balancing between the U.S. and China in the 21st Century
type: item
description: Growing strategic competition between China and the United States has become one of the most prominent characteristics of modern international environment where middle and regional powers are forced to reevaluate their foreign policy priorities and alignment of their strategies. Based on the geostrategic positioning, the longtime security relationship with China and the important historic relationship with the United States, Pakistan is faced with the challenging task of juggling its interests among the two world superpowers. This paper reviews the issue of strategic balancing behavior by Pakistan in the twenty first century and evaluates how the political, economic and security aspects influence the foreign policy decisions of this country. The study design is a qualitative research design, where a documentary analysis of academic literature, government reports, and international strategic evaluations is used. Neoclassical Realism directs the research as it describes the interaction between systemic pressures created through great-power competition and domestic factors in shaping the state behavior. The results reveal that Pakistan has incorporated a pragmatic balancing policy which will maximize economic benefits, maintain security cooperation and a diplomatic flexibility to the increased competition between the U.S and China. Although China has emerged to be the main strategic and economic partner of Pakistan in terms of efforts like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) the United States is still a significant figure in numerous elements of trade, regional stability, financial aid and foreign relations. The paper also reveals that Pakistan avoids side-by-side orientation towards either of the two powers and resorts to adopting a multidimensional foreign policy style aimed at securing the national interests and strategic autonomy. The study is able to conclude that the future success of foreign policy in Pakistan will lie in the capacity of the nation to ma…
creator: Fozia Kanwal
creator: Shahzadi Samrana
creator: Ghulam Rasool Alvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 999
ending page: 1017
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2143

Impact of Digital Skills and Competency among Graduates of Social Sciences in the Context of Employability: Evidence from District Central Karachi
type: item
description: The study was based on the correlation between the Digital Skill of Social Science graduates with employability opportunity in District Central Karachi. Digital competence is a key factor in employment readiness, workplace adaptability and competitiveness in the modern employment market. Students who have completed their education in social sciences face difficulties in meeting the technology demands of today's employers because they did not have adequate formal training in digital skill development. This study adopted a quantitative cross sectional research design in order to investigate this issue. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 126 social science graduates, which included demographic data, digital skills assessment, and employability-related measures. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, simple linear regression and independent samples t-test. The reliability testing results indicated that the research instruments had a high internal consistency as evidenced by the value of Cronbach's Alpha for digital skills was 0.942 and for employability was 0.730. The results showed that there was a significant and positive correlation (r = 0.731, p < 0.001) between digital skills and employability. The digital skills also significantly predicted employability, accounting for 53.5% of the variance in employability outcomes (R2 = 0.535, p < 0.001), according to the regression analysis. The study concludes that digital competencies have a significant impact on employability of social science graduates and there is a need to introduce digital skills in non-technical academic courses to improve the employability and competitiveness of the graduates in the changing labor market.
creator: Bushra
creator: Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1018
ending page: 1041
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2144

Structural Heterogeneity in ASEAN Emissions Trajectories: A Principal Component and Independent Axis Analysis of the CO₂–GDP–Energy Nexus, 2000–2022
type: item
description: Six ASEAN economies increased collective CO₂ emissions by over 20% between 2015 and 2022. The group's global emissions share climbed from 4.1% to 5% (Enerdata, 2023). The six countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. Existing studies apply panel cointegration and Granger causality to this group but do not decompose the joint covariance structure of the five-variable system. This study fills that gap. PCA with full SVD is applied to a five-variable panel — CO₂, GDP, Fossil, Renew, Patents — for 2000–2022 (T=23, N=6). The σ₁/σ₂ ratio, the Differential Information Index (DII), ranges from 5.42 (Philippines) to 1.82 (Vietnam), identifying three structural groups. High-DII countries — Indonesia (5.22) and Philippines (5.42) — are effectively single-mode: one dominant axis absorbs over 95% of variance. Their independent axis V₂ carries a negative CO₂ loading, indicating a structurally available but weak decoupling pathway. Intermediate-DII countries — Malaysia (2.90) and Singapore (1.99) — show meaningful secondary structure. Malaysia's V₂ loads CO₂ at −0.867, the strongest decoupling signal in the ASEAN panel. Singapore's V₂ loads CO₂ at +0.950. Singapore is the only ASEAN country with a carbon-amplifying independent axis: LNG-dominated generation sustains CO₂ independently of income growth. Low-DII countries — Thailand (1.96) and Vietnam (1.82) — carry the richest differential information. Thailand's V₂ loads CO₂ at +0.666 and Fossil at +0.545: a fossil lock-in axis structurally separate from its renewable expansion. Vietnam's V₂ loads Renew at +0.669, confirming its post-2017 renewable surge constitutes a structurally independent axis. The pooled SVD (N=138) yields a principal axis of fossil-income development (85.6%) and an independent axis of innovation-renewable decoupling (11.9%). Singapore anchors the high end of pooled PC1 at +3.92; Vietnam anchors the low end at −1.78.
creator: Sidrah Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1042
ending page: 1063
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2146

Cross-Border Terrorism and Pakistan’s National Security Strategy
type: item
description: The cross-border terrorism has been one of the most crucial security issues facing Pakistan in the modern regional security status quo. The continuing nature of a transnational militant network, insecurity in the neighboring Afghanistan, porous border areas and the changing nature of asymmetric war has had a dramatic impact on Pakistan national security agendas and overall policymaking. In this study, cross border terrorism and its effect to the national security strategy of Pakistan is analyzed through the rigor of the nature of modern terrorist threats, institutional responses, and changing counterterrorism measures. Based on the qualitative approach to the research, the study uses secondary data gathered based on the literature, government policy reports, security reports, and international documents designed to assess security. Two theories based on Realism and Securitization Theory are used as the guiding tool of the research to explain the processes in the way states understand and act under external security threats. The analysis suggests that the concept of cross-border terrorism has played a major role in defining the military ideology in Pakistan, the systems of intelligence coordination, the policy of managing the borders and the sphere of diplomacy. The paper also finds that although military operations and improved security measures have helped in removing terrorist capabilities, a lasting way of ensuring security is a multidimensional strategy that involves regional cooperation, technological modernization, socio-economic development, good governance, and counter-radicalization efforts. The discussion shows that border security and intelligence-driven activities have been critical elements in the counterterrorism process in Pakistan, but the stability in the long-term possibility will be on basis of mitigating the structural and political conditions that enable extremism and transnational militancy. It ends that Pakistan needs to come up with a nationa…
creator: Danish Ali Afzal
creator: Shahzaib
creator: Abdul Latif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1064
ending page: 1081
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2150

Unheeded Slant of High Performance: Professional Jealousy and Perceived Undermining Among Employees
type: item
description: The current research focused on the high performer employees and their perceived undermining. Social comparison theory plays a major role as this study examined professional coworker jealousy and perceived undermining as the unheeded aspects (unnoticed viewpoint) of high performance of employees. Additionally, it’s also focused on the prosocial behaviors that recommended to reduce this negative aspect among high performance of employees and their perceived undermining. The data was collected from employees of hospitality industry. A sample of 229 out of 300 was collected from the respondents. Analysis through SPSS was used to show the interrelations of variables and hypotheses examination. As expected, the outcome showed the prosocial behavior moderated the relationship between the high performance and professional jealousy of colleagues and peers, this relationship is weaker at high level of prosocial behavior and stronger at low level of prosocial behavior. Time lag multi source and multi wave data was used. The current study found that employees with high performance are significantly associated with perceived coworker undermining. As the employees with top performance are role- models and inspire their coworkers to enlarge their output. Practically this study will aid managers in identifying and discerning the importance of pro-social behavior in mitigating professional coworker jealousy among coworkers which in turn will lead towards decreasing perceived undermining and contribute in positive organizational outcome in shape of a helping workplace culture.
creator: Asif Nazir
creator: Raheela Haque
creator: Hina Afzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1082
ending page: 1097
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2153

The Impact of Social and Peer Influence on Intention to Purchase in the E-commerce Market
type: item
description: The rapid growth of e-commerce has changed consumer buying behavior. Social engagement is particularly prevalent in developing markets and is a key component, but it also brings unpredictability. This research explores the impact of social influence and time on consumers' propensity to buy in the e-commerce market, with attitude and e-commerce serving as mediating factors. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study adopts a deductive approach and collects a sample of 260 through a survey questionnaire for data analysis. Data was collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using PLS-SEM. According to the findings, social and peer influences significantly affect both consumers' attitudes toward e-commerce and their purchase intentions, with attitude toward e-commerce mediating the link between social, peer influences and purchase intention. The study offers useful insights into e-commerce platforms and markets, highlighting how social and peer-based strategies can increase consumer engagement and adoption, especially in emerging economies such as Pakistan.
creator: Umaima Gull
creator: Ijaz Hussain Bokhari
creator: Numan Aslam
creator: Syed Taha Fraz Haider Kazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1098
ending page: 1107
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2155

Mobile Money Penetration and Financial Inclusion Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-Country Panel Analysis
type: item
description: This study examines the relationship between mobile money penetration and financial inclusion outcomes across 45 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2013 to 2023, using an unbalanced panel dataset constructed from the IMF Financial Access Survey, World Development Indicators, and Worldwide Governance Indicators. Three distinct dimensions of mobile money penetration are examined: registered account ownership, active account usage, and transaction value as a share of GDP. Financial inclusion is operationalised across four outcome variables: ATM density, bank branch density, deposits to GDP, and loans to GDP. Two-way fixed effects estimation with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors is employed to address heteroskedasticity, serial correlation, and cross-sectional dependence. The Hausman test strongly favours fixed effects over random effects (χ² = 454.73, p < 0.001). The results indicate that registered account ownership and transaction value produce no statistically significant effects on any financial inclusion outcome. Active account usage, by contrast, is positively associated with ATM density (β = 0.0038, p = 0.031) and loans to GDP (β = 0.0042, p = 0.031), with a marginally significant positive effect on deposits to GDP (β = 0.0056, p = 0.084). These findings hold under Driscoll-Kraay correction. The evidence suggests that the usage dimension of mobile money, rather than account ownership or transaction intensity, is the operationally relevant mechanism through which mobile money contributes to financial sector development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
creator: Rafia Noreen
creator: Muhammad Sajid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-14
publication date: 2026-03-14
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1108
ending page: 1121
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2157

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Vulgar Content Exposure Experience Scale
type: item
description: In the present study, the Vulgar Content Exposure Experience Scale (VCEES) was developed and validated using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. For Phase 1, 15 participants were interviewed and 48 items were developed. Data obtained from 300 participants (18-50 years) were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis with Varimax rotation in Phase 2. Results confirmed a three-factor structure: Cognitive-Moral Evaluation, Active Behavioral Exposure and Passive Algorithmic Exposure. The final 33-item scale demonstrated good reliability (α = .915) and acceptable to excellent subscale reliability (.820–.961). Convergent validity was supported by a significant correlation with an established measure, r = .564, p < .001. The results indicate that vulgar content exposure is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by cognitive, behavioral, and algorithmic processes.
creator: Fiza Umar
creator: Syeda Raiha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-04
publication date: 2026-07-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1122
ending page: 1135
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2173

Impact of Green Tax Policies, Industrialization and Innovation Affect Environment Pollution Evidence from SAARC: A Review
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of green taxation, industrialization, and innovation on environmental pollution in SAARC countries. Rapid economic growth and industrial expansion have significantly increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, creating serious environmental concerns in the region. The primary objective of this research is to examine whether green tax policies can effectively reduce environmental degradation while sustaining economic development, along with assessing the role of innovation in promoting environmental sustainability. The findings of this study are expected to provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of green taxation and innovation in reducing CO₂ emissions. The study will offer important policy implications for achieving sustainable development by balancing environmental protection with industrial growth in SAARC economies.
creator: Esha Raees Raza
creator: Saif Ur Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-04
publication date: 2026-07-04
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1136
ending page: 1157
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2174

The Nexus between Environmental quality, Trade Openness and Financial Inclusion: A Systematic Literature across Lower-Middle-Income and Upper-Middle-Income Countries
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the literature's findings regarding the connection among trade openness, financial inclusion, institutional quality, and environmental quality through channel of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the framework of both developed and developing economies. The current theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is studied and précised in this paper. The environmental quality of institutions, financial inclusion, and trade openness through the channel of foreign direct investment (FDI) are first summarized for Panel A, lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), and upper-middle-income countries (UMIC). Secondly, it identifies literature by using empirical and theoretical insights found in the published literature. This article also make clear theoretical perspective that describes how and why they operate. Third, this paper recommends three useful areas for further study. This paper advances the fields of environmental quality, institution quality, financial inclusion, and sectoral growth by systematically analyzing and integrated current theory and research in this field.
creator: Bushra Naeem
creator: Saif Ur Rahman
creator: Sadia Idress
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indus Journal of Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
volume: 4
number: 1
starting page: 1158
ending page: 1173
doi: 10.59075/ijss.v4i1.2175