Etoricoxib-Loaded Transdermal Patches with Thiolated Pyrimidin Chitosan for Enhanced Delivery

Authors

  • Sajid Raza Faculty of Pharmacy, IBADAT International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • Waqas Ahmad Khan Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan
  • Nasir Khan Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan
  • Saima Mahmood Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan
  • Afzaal Ahmad Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan
  • Shadman Khan Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan
  • Yusra Ilyas Forman Christian College (A Character University Lahore), Punjab, Pakistan
  • Hafiza Asma Kainat Department of Pharmacy, University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
  • Rizwan Ullah Bin Khalid Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismael Khan, KPK, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.1571

Keywords:

Etoricoxib, Transdermal Patches, Sustained Drug Delivery, Skin Permeability, Physicochemical Characterization

Abstract

This study focused on the development and evaluation of etoricoxib-loaded transdermal patches for sustained drug delivery to enhance bioavailability and patient compliance. The patches were formulated using polymeric matrices to achieve controlled drug release and improved skin permeability. Various physicochemical characterizations, including surface morphology, thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, tensile strength, and moisture content, were conducted to ensure uniformity and mechanical stability. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile over 24 hours, preventing burst release while maintaining therapeutic drug levels. Ex vivo permeation studies using Wistar rat skin confirmed efficient drug penetration, enhanced by penetration enhancers. A six-month accelerated stability study (40°C ± 2°C, 75% ± 5% RH) showed no significant changes in drug content or release profile. The optimized formulation (F6) exhibited superior mechanical properties, enhanced skin permeation, and controlled drug release, making it a promising alternative to oral etoricoxib for long-term pain management and anti-inflammatory therapy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Prausnitz, M. R., & Langer, R. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery. Nature Biotechnology, 26(11), 1261–1268.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1504

Davies, N. M., McLachlan, A. J., Day, R. O., & Williams, K. M. (2000). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of celecoxib: A selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 39(6), 421–428.

https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200038030-00003

Simon, L. S. (2013). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their risk: A story still in development. Drug Safety, 36(5), 353–364.

https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4173

Barry, B. W. (2001). Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14(2), 101–114.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00167-1

Benson, H. A., & Namjoshi, S. (2008). Proteins and peptides: Strategies for delivery to and across the skin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97(9), 3591–3610.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21277

Bernkop-Schnürch, A. (2005). Thiomers: A new generation of mucoadhesive polymers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57(11), 1569–1582.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.002

Leitner, V. M., Walker, G. F., & Bernkop-Schnürch, A. (2003). Thiolated polymers: Evidence for the formation of disulphide bonds with mucus glycoproteins. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 56(2), 207–214.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00061-4

Keleb, E., Sharma, R. K., & Mosa, E. B. (2021). Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 26(2), 201–215.

Kumar, R., & Philip, A. (2020). Modified transdermal technologies: Breaking the barriers of drug permeation via the skin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 109(4), 1283–1291.

https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v6i1.14641

Yadav, A., & Jain, D. K. (2019). Development and evaluation of transdermal patches for anti-inflammatory drug delivery. International Journal of Drug Delivery, 10(3), 255–263.

Patel, R. P., & Baria, A. H. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of selective COX-2 inhibitor. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(10), 112–118.

Gannu, R., Vishnu, Y. V., & Kishan, V. (2022). Biodegradable polymers in transdermal drug delivery. Journal of Polymer Research, 29, 201–210.

Pandey, V., & Jain, S. K. (2020). Multi-functional nanoemulsion system for targeted delivery. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 10(3), 753–764.

Singh, S., & Garg, V. (2017). Advances in transdermal drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 120, 105–115.

Rajput, D., & Bhowmick, M. (2021). Cubosome-based drug delivery system: Recent advances. Journal of Controlled Release, 335, 130–140.

Alka, S., & Gupta, A. (2019). Analytical method development and validation for drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 172, 132–138.

Raza, S., Qureshi, J., & Rahman, Z. (2023). Recent insights into drug delivery systems for inflammatory diseases. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 20(1), 25–40.

Shah, V. P., & Elkins, J. S. (2018). Regulatory perspectives on transdermal systems. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 94, 310–318.

International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). (2003). ICH Q1A(R2): Stability testing of new drug substances and products. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.

Pandey, V., & Jain, S. K. (2020). Multi-functional nanoemulsion system for targeted delivery. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 10(3), 753–764.

Singh, S., & Garg, V. (2017). Advances in transdermal drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 120, 105–115.

Keleb, E., Sharma, R. K., & Mosa, E. B. (2021). Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 26(2), 201–215.

Kumar, R., & Philip, A. (2020). Modified transdermal technologies: Breaking the barriers of drug permeation via the skin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 109(4), 1283–1291.

https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v6i1.14641

Yadav, A., & Jain, D. K. (2019). Development and evaluation of transdermal patches for anti-inflammatory drug delivery. International Journal of Drug Delivery, 10(3), 255–263.

Patel, R. P., & Baria, A. H. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of selective COX-2 inhibitor. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(10), 112–118.

Usha, A., Mamatha, H. S., & Banupriya, M. R. (2020). Formulation and evaluation of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 12(6), 885–889.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-11

How to Cite

Raza, S., Khan, W. A., Khan, N., Mahmood, S., Ahmad, A., Khan, S., Ilyas, Y., Kainat, H. A., & Bin Khalid, R. U. (2025). Etoricoxib-Loaded Transdermal Patches with Thiolated Pyrimidin Chitosan for Enhanced Delivery. Indus Journal of Bioscience Research, 3(6), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.1571