Outcome of the Pregnancy in Women with Increased Body Mass Index (BMI)

Shehreen Khan

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1416

Authors

Shehreen Khan Department of Gynecology, Unit I, Allied Hospital Faisalabad (AHF), Faisalabad Medical University (FMU), Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1416

Keywords:

Obesity, Pregnancy, Outcome, Gestational Diabetes, Pre-eclampsia, Shoulder Dystocia

Abstract

Objective: to evaluate and record the outcome of the pregnancy in women with increased body mass index (BMI). Settings: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Study Duration: September 2024 to February 2025. Methodology: Using non-probability consecutive sampling, we enrolled 390 pregnant women with BMI >27 before 12 weeks of gestation and followed for maternal (GDM, pre-eclampsia) and fetal outcomes (shoulder dystocia, macrosomia). Results: Of the 390 pregnant women with BMI >27, the mean age was 28.66 ± 7.02 years and most (75.6%) had parity 0–3. A majority (63.1%) had BMI >30. Gestational diabetes was observed in 57.2%, pre-eclampsia in 8.7%, shoulder dystocia in 4.9%, and fetal macrosomia in 7.7%. No significant associations were found between these outcomes and age or parity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study reinforces the association between increased maternal BMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes, both regionally and globally. Given that obesity is a modifiable risk factor, early identification and counseling during antenatal visits are essential.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Rana, S., Lemoine, E., Granger, J. P., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2019). Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circulation Research, 124(7), 1094-1112.

https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.118.313276

McIntyre, H. D., Catalano, P., Zhang, C., Desoye, G., Mathiesen, E. R., & Damm, P. (2019). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8

Phoswa, W. N., & Khaliq, O. P. (2021). The role of oxidative stress in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) and metabolic disorder of pregnancy (Gestational diabetes mellitus). Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021(1).

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5581570

McElwain, C. J., Tuboly, E., McCarthy, F. P., & McCarthy, C. M. (2020). Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus: Windows into future Cardiometabolic health? Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00655

Vounzoulaki, E., Khunti, K., Abner, S. C., Tan, B. K., Davies, M. J., & Gillies, C. L. (2020). Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, m1361.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1361

Kramer, C. K., Campbell, S., & Retnakaran, R. (2019). Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 62(6), 905-914.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4840-2

Haby, K., Berg, M., Gyllensten, H., Hanas, R., & Premberg, Å. (2018). Mighty mums – a lifestyle intervention at primary care level reduces gestational weight gain in women with obesity. BMC Obesity, 5(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-018-0194-4

Thangaratinam, S., Rogozińska, E., Jolly, K., Glinkowski, S., Roseboom, T., Tomlinson, J. W., ... & Khan, K. S. (2012). Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence. Bmj, 344.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2088

Lawrence, W., Vogel, C., Strömmer, S., Morris, T., Treadgold, B., Watson, D., Hart, K., McGill, K., Hammond, J., Harvey, N. C., Cooper, C., Inskip, H., Baird, J., & Barker, M. (2019). How can we best use opportunities provided by routine maternity care to engage women in improving their diets and health? Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(1).

https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12900

Downs, D. S., Savage, J. S., Rivera, D. E., Pauley, A. M., Leonard, K. S., Hohman, E. E., Guo, P., McNitt, K. M., Stetter, C., & Kunselman, A. (2021). Adaptive, behavioral intervention impact on weight gain, physical activity, energy intake, and motivational determinants: Results of a feasibility trial in pregnant women with overweight/obesity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 44(5), 605-621.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-021-00227-9

Farooq, S., Baloch, S., Awan, S., & Nissa, F. (2022). Influence of body mass index in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcome. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(5), 616-619.

https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22165616

Liaqat, N., Qazi, Q., Afridi, F., & Khattak, S. (2023). Association of high pre-pregnancy body mass index with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 40(3).

https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.3.7317

Bone, J. N., Joseph, K. S., Magee, L. A., Muraca, G. M., Razaz, N., Mayer, C., & Sarka Lisonkova. (2023). Prepregnancy body mass index and adverse perinatal outcomes in the presence of other maternal risk factors. AJOG Global Reports, 3(2), 100175–100175.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100175

Zhang, Y., Lu, M., Yi, Y., Xia, L., Zhang, R., Li, C., & Liu, P. (2024). Influence of maternal body mass index on pregnancy complications and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1280692

Doi, L., Williams, A. J., Marryat, L., & Frank, J. (2020). Cohort study of high maternal body mass index and the risk of adverse pregnancy and delivery outcomes in Scotland. BMJ Open, 10(2), e026168.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026168

Tang, J., Zhu, X., Chen, Y., Huang, D., Tiemeier, H., Chen, R., Bao, W., & Zhao, Q. (2021). Association of maternal pre-pregnancy low or increased body mass index with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3831.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82064-z

Mackeen, A. D., Boyd, V. E., Schuster, M., Young, A. J., Gray, C., & Kajal Angras. (2024). The impact of prepregnancy body mass index on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 0(0).

https://doi.org/10.1515/jom-2024-0025

Lackovic, M., Filimonovic, D., Mihajlovic, S., Milicic, B., Filipovic, I., Rovcanin, M., Dimitrijevic, D., & Nikolic, D. (2020). The Influence of Increased Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain on Pregnancy Course and Fetal and Maternal Perinatal Outcomes. Healthcare, 8(4), 362.

https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040362