Frequency of Various Macroscopic Placental Pathologies in Patients with Intrauterine Growth Retarded Baby with Preeclampsia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1385Keywords:
Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Placental Disease, PreeclampsiaAbstract
Background: Intrauterine growth retardation is a common condition with the main etiology of placental insufficiency, leading to low birth weight and long-term health implications. Placental pathology is the main cause and is detectable by gross examination. Objectives: To determine frequency of various macroscopic placental pathologies in patients with intrauterine growth retarded baby with preeclampsia. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from October-2024 to March-2025. Methods: A total of 140 women who gave birth to intrauterine growth retorted baby with preeclampsia were included. After the delivery of placenta, placenta was examined thoroughly for gross morphological features to assess for macroscopic pathologies of placenta related to intrauterine growth retardation of the baby. Frequency of these macroscopic pathologies was stratified by age, weeks of gestation and cause of IUGR and post-stratification comparison was performed by using Chi-square test. Results: Median age of the mother was 25.00 (8.00) years. Median weight of the baby was 2.10 (0.30) kg. Most common cause of intrauterine growth retardation was maternal anemia found in 67 (47.90%). Amongst all IUGR cases, placenta was macroscopically normal in 11 (7.90%) patients while there were macroscopic pathologies on placenta in 129 (92.10%) patients. Amongst these patients (n = 129), most common macroscopic pathology was two vessel umbilical cord found in 38 (29.47%) cases followed by eccentric attachment site of umbilical cord in 35 (27.13%) cases. Conclusion: In cases of intrauterine growth retardation macroscopic placental pathologies are common and were observed in 92.10% cases.
Downloads
References
Nüsken E, Appel S, Saschin L, Kuiper-Makris C, Oberholz L, Schömig C, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction: need to improve diagnostic accuracy and evidence for a key role of oxidative stress in neonatal and long-term sequelae. Cells. 2024;13(6):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13060501.
Beune IM, Damhuis SE, Ganzevoort W, Hutchinson JC, Khong TY, Mooney EE, et al. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction in intrauterine fetal death: A Delphi Procedure. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2021;145(4):428-436.
https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0027-OA.
Dapkekar P, Bhalerao A, Kawathalkar A, Vijay N. Risk factors associated with intrauterine growth restriction: a case-control study. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40178. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40178.
Naeem MA, Rauf H, Aftab SK, Mahrukh F, John A, Kiran W. Prevalence of intrauterine growth retardation on antenatal ultrasound scan in Lahore, Pakistan. Lahore Garr Univ J Life Sci. 2022;6(4):348-357. https://doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2022.0604234.
Moros G, Boutsikou T, Fotakis C, Iliodromiti Z, Sokou R, Katsila T, et al. Insights into intrauterine growth restriction based on maternal and umbilical cord blood metabolomics. Sci Rep. 2021;11:7824. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87323-7.
Yang L, Feng L, Huang L, Li X, Qiu W, Yang K, et al. Maternal factors for intrauterine growth retardation: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(6):1737-1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00756-3.
Kobayashi S, Sata F, Kishi R. Gene-environment interactions related to maternal exposure to environmental and lifestyle-related chemicals during pregnancy and the resulting adverse fetal growth: a review. Environ Health Prev Med. 2022;27:24.
https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.21-00033.
Armengaud JB, Yzydorczyk C, Siddeek B, Peyter AC, Simeoni U. Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol. 2021;99:168-176.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005.
Akhavan S, Borna S, Abdollahi A, Shariat M, Zamani N. Pathologic examination of the placenta and its benefits in treatment plan or follow-up of patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res. 2022;27(1):113.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00743-7.
Vişan V, Balan RA, Costea CF, Cărăuleanu A, Haba RM, Haba MŞC, et al. Morphological and histopathological changes in placentas of pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(2):477-483.
https://doi.org/10.47162/RJME.61.2.17.
Fung CM. Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on embryonic hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis and postnatal critical period of synaptic plasticity that govern learning and memory function. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1092357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1092357.
Melamed N, Baschat A, Yinon Y, Athanasiadis A, Mecacci F, Figueras F, et al. FIGO (international Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):3-57.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13522.
Dinu M, Stancioi-Cismaru AF, Gheonea M, Luciu ED, Aron RM, Pana RC, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction-prediction and peripartum data on hospital care. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(4):773. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040773.
Hester DK, Selina P, Sanne JG, Wessel G. Fetal growth restriction: mechanisms, epidemiology, and management. Maternal Fetal Med. 2022;4(3):186-196. https://doi.org/10.1097/FM9.0000000000000161.
Almuhaytib FA, AlKishi NA, Alyousif ZM. Early onset preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: a case report. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33919.
Ali M, Ahmed M, Memon M, Chandio F, Shaikh Q, Parveen A, et al. Preeclampsia: A comprehensive review. Clin Chim Acta. 2024;563:119922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2024.119922.
Ghomian N, Amouian S, Tavassoli F, Arbabzadeh T. Comparison of placental morphology and histopathology of intrauterine growth restriction and normal infants. Iran J Pathol. 2014;9(1):9-16.
Khajuria R, Sharma M. Histopathology of placenta in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Int J Res Med Sci. 2019;7(3):889-892.
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20190943
Agrawal D, Agrawal S, Dora AK. A comparative study of placental histomorphological changes in a normal pregnancy and an intrauterine growth restriction pregnancy. New Indian J OBGYN. 2025; Epub ahead of print.
Kiran N, Aslam N, Tabassum T, Kanwal S, Zia T. Morphological findings in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) placentas versus normal placentas in pregnant women of district Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci. 2019;17(3):65-69.
https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.03.2021.
Shinde RV, Shinde RR, Logamurthy R, Mubasher HMM. Placental pathology in intrauterine growth retardation. Indian J Pathol Oncol. 2020;7(4):550-555.
https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpo.2020.110.
Vișan V, Balan RA, Costea CF, Cărăuleanu A, Haba RM, Haba MȘC, et al. Morphological and histopathological changes in placentas of pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(2):477-483. https://doi.org/10.47162/RJME.61.2.17.
Park SY, Kim MY, Kim YJ, Chun YK, Kim HS, Kim HS, et al. Placental pathology in intrauterine growth retardation. Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(1):30-37.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Bioscience Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
