Therapeutic Potential of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Withania coagulans Extract against High-Fat Diet Associated Hyperlipidemia in Rat Model

Sayed Aman Ullah; Faiza Hassan; Jahanzaib Khaliq; Ikram Ullah; Shakeel Khan; Sageer Ahmed; Hina Nawab; Aqsa Rashid; Amna Arif; Abdul Saboor

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1368

Authors

Sayed Aman Ullah Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Faiza Hassan Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Jahanzaib Khaliq Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060 Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
Ikram Ullah Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060 Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
Shakeel Khan Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060 Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
Sageer Ahmed Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, 70060 Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
Hina Nawab Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Aqsa Rashid Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Amna Arif Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Govt College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Abdul Saboor Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Govt College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1368

Keywords:

Cardiovascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, Hyperlipidemia, Withania coagulans, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Background: Withania coagulans (Indian rennet, paneer phool, or rishyagandha) an herbal medicinal plant that belongs to the family Solanaceae, common English name ‘‘Indian Chees maker’’ and in Pashto called ‘‘Khamazora’’. Aim: the study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of “Withania coagulans”. Methodology: Total six groups of Wister rats (n=6) and each group with six replicates (r=6) were selected. Each group was labeled as control group, negative control group, Standard group, and Treatment group. Group 1st received normal routine feed with water, group 2nd received a high-fat diet of 30%, groups 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th were also fed with a high-fat diet and were treated with the standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug Atorvastatin(2.6mg), low dose (125mg), medium dose (250mg) and high dose (500mg) of W. coagulans plant extract using ZnO nanoparticles respectively. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) were characterized by Zeta size and Zeta potential. Over the course of the 49-day trial, which included 28 days for the induction of hyperlipidemia and 21 days for treatment, the rats were decapitated for the purpose of collecting samples, including blood and various organs, and serological tests were performed to assess the impact of W. coagulans. Results: A high dose of W. coagulans plant extract significantly decreased the elevated level of LDL-C, triglycerides, total cholesterol, ALT, AST, creatinine, and Urea, and significantly increased the low level of HDL-C, RBCs and WBCs count, and SOD. Conclusion: W. coagulans plant extract utilizing ZnO-NPs had a notable impact on these models of hyperlipidemic-induced rates.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbasi, S., Khan, A., & Choudhry, M. W. (2024). New insights into the treatment of hyperlipidemia: Pharmacological updates and emerging treatments. Cureus, 16(6).

https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63078

Abdelhalim, M. A. K. (2010). The potential influence of high cholesterol diet-induced oxidative stress on composition and properties of red blood cells in rabbits. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(9), 836-843.

Ahmed, S., Bux Kachiwal, A., Khaliq, J., Shabir Barham, G., Ahmad, T., Bilal Khan, M., Kandhro, L., Ali Panhwar, I., Arif, M., Muhammad Gad, F., Faiz, H., Kandhro, B., & Ullah, E. (2024). Effect of prebiotic supplementation on the quality characteristics of rabbit meat. Journal of Advanced Zoology.

https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v45i6.5071

Afzal, W., Naz, S., Ujan, J. A., Rind, K. H., Habib, S. S., Ullah, M., Zahid, M., Attaullah, S., Mohany, M., & Nazir, S. (2024). Withania coagulans root powder effect on growth, hematology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, serum immune response, and tolerance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Common Carp. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 86(4), 504-518.

https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10358

Alloubani, A., Nimer, R., & Samara, R. (2021). Relationship between hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease andStroke: A systematic review. Current Cardiology Reviews, 17(6), 52-66.

https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403x1699920121020034

Arif, M., Kachiwal, A. B., Rehman, Z. ur, Soomro, S. A., khaliq, jahanzaib, Bilal, H., Ahmed, N., Dad, R. M., Abideen, Z. U., Zafar, H., Ahmed, S., Namood, S., Khan, M. B., Ali, M. M., & Ahmad, T. (2024). Studies On Influence Of Varying Age And Sex On Hematological Indices And Physiological Parameters Of Pateri Goat Breed Of Sindh. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 11(1), 108–121.

https://doi.org/10.53555/sfs.v11i01.3020

Bancroft, J. D., & Gamble, M. (Eds.). (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques. Elsevier health sciences.

Bandawane, D. D., & Juvekar, A. R. (2022). STUDY OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF WITHANIA COAGULANS FRUITS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS. Indian Drugs, 58(12), 63–71.

https://doi.org/10.53879/id.58.12.12949

Barquera, S., Pedroza-Tobías, A., Medina, C., Hernández-Barrera, L., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Lozano, R., & Moran, A. E. (2015). Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Archives of medical research, 46(5), 328-338.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.06.006

Chandra, H., Kumari, P., Bontempi, E., & Yadav, S. (2020). Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 24, 101518.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101518

Deng, Y., Zhang, X., Shen, H., He, Q., Wu, Z., Liao, W., & Yuan, M. (2020). Application of the nano-drug delivery system in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 7, 489.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00489

Franco, M., Cooper, R. S., Bilal, U., & Fuster, V. (2011). Challenges and opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention. The American journal of medicine, 124(2), 95-102.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.08.015

Gupta, R., Sonawane, T., & Pai, S. (2022). An overview on pharmaceutical properties and biotechnological advancement of Withania coagulans. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 22(4), 673-683.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00558-7

Hennekens, C. (2000). Clinical and research challenges in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. European Heart Journal, 21(23), 1917–1921.

https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.2221

Jacobsen, A. P., Whelton, S. P., Blumenthal, R. S., & Mcevoy, J. W. (2024). Dyslipidemia. In Hypertension (pp. 476-488). Elsevier.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88369-6.00042-6

Khan, F. A., Kachiwal, A. B., khaliq, jahanzaib, Soomro, S. A., Habibullah, Ahmad, T., Khan, M. B., Farooq, M. U., Namood, S., Faiz, H., Fayyaz, A., Raheel, M., Akhlaq, S., Khaliq, S., & Memon, M. (2024). Effect Of Supplementation Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharide And Probiotic Mixture On Growth Performance Of Physiologically Stressed Rabbits. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 45(6).

https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v45i6.5023

Kirichenko, T. V., Sukhorukov, V. N., Markin, A. M., Nikiforov, N. G., Liu, P. Y., Sobenin, I. A., ... & Aliev, G. (2020). Medicinal plants as a potential and successful treatment option in the context of atherosclerosis. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 403.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00403

Kopin, L., & Lowenstein, C. J. (2017). Dyslipidemia. Annals of internal medicine, 167(11), ITC81-ITC96.

https://doi.org/10.7326/AITC201712050

Laaboudi, W., Ashmawy, N. S., El Hachlafi, N., Alshabrmi, F. M., Alnasseri, S. M., Assaggaf, H., ... & Mrabti, H. N. (2025). Impact of olive tree extract on hyperlipidemia in rats: HPLC analysis of bioactive constituents. CyTA-Journal of Food, 23(1), 2463491.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2025.2463491

Mainieri, F., La Bella, S., & Chiarelli, F. (2023). Hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Biomedicines, 11(3), 809.

https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030809

Ojha, S., Alkaabi, J., Amir, N., Sheikh, A., Agil, A., Fahim, M. A., & Adem, A. (2014). Withania coagulans fruit extract reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in kidneys of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2014(1), 201436.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/201436

Otunola, G. A., Oloyede, O. B., Oladiji, A. T., & Afolayan, A. A. (2010). Effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on the lipid profile and some enzyme activities in female Wistar rats. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(6), 149–154.

https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbr.9000099

Pala, R., Anju, V., Dyavaiah, M., Busi, S., & Nauli, S. M. (2020). Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Nanomedicine, Volume 15, 3741–3769.

https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s250872

Rasool, A., Bhat, K. M., Sheikh, A. A., Jan, A., & Hassan, S. (2020). Medicinal plants: Role, distribution and future. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 2111–2114.

Shaito, A., Aramouni, K., Assaf, R., Parenti, A., Orekhov, A., El Yazbi, A., ... & Eid, A. H. (2022). Oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases.

http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2703105

Shazinosh, M. U. F., Namood, S., Marri, N. U., Khan, Z., Bismillah, A. U., & Kabir, A. (2024). Studies On Concentration of Some Milk Metabolic Enzymes at Different Parities, Stage of Lactation and Their Correlation with Composition and Yield of Milk in Red Sindhi Cows. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 11(4), 175-188.

https://doi.org/10.53555/sfs.v11i4.2902

Hemalatha, S., Sharma, S., & Joshi, A. (2017). Protective effect of Withania coagulans fruit extract on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacognosy Research, 9(4), 354.

https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_1_17

Shukla, K., Dikshit, P., Shukla, R., Sharma, S., & Gambhir, J. K. (2014). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of fruit of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal in cholesterol-fed hyperlipidemic rabbit model.

Soetan, K. O., & Aiyelaagbe, O. O. (2009). The need for bioactivity-safety evaluation and conservation of medicinal plants-A review. Journal of medicinal plants research, 3(5), 324-328.

https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr.9001223

Su, X., Chen, X., & Wang, B. (2021). Pathology of metabolically-related dyslipidemia. Clinica Chimica Acta, 521, 107-115

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.029.

Tripathi, D., & Pandey-Rai, S. (2019). Withania coagulans: An overview on therapeutic potential and use of recent biotechnological approaches for conservation and enhancement of secondary metabolites.

Vekic, J., Stefanovic, A., & Zeljkovic, A. (2023). Obesity and dyslipidemia: a review of current evidence. Current Obesity Reports, 12(3), 207-222.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00518-z

Yang, R., Chen, D., Chen, Y., Ma, Y., Chen, C., & Zhao, S. (2025). Walnut oil prevents hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet and regulates intestinal flora and liver metabolism. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1431649.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1431649

Yoshikiyo, K., Shimizu, H., Nagato, E. G., Ishizuka, S., & Yamamoto, T. (2025). Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels. Molecules, 30(2), 281.

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020281

Zhao, D. (2021). Epidemiological features of cardiovascular disease in Asia. JACC: Asia, 1(1), 1-13.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacasi.2021.04.007