Protective Role of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) on Growth, Hematology, Liver Enzymes (ALP, ALT, and AST), and Immune System Against Lead-Induced Toxicity in Thaila (Catla catla)

Ayesha Noreen; Amara Akhtar; Amina Zafar; Ayesha Yaseen

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1303

Authors

Ayesha Noreen Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Amara Akhtar Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Amina Zafar Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Ayesha Yaseen Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i5.1303

Keywords:

Lead Toxicity, Ocimum Sanctum, Catla Catla, Fish Hematology

Abstract

Aquaculture is the biggest fish production sector that meets the demands of fish globally. Lead (Pb) pollution from various human activities poses a significant threat to aquatic life. The present study explored the adverse effects of lead-based toxicity in Catla catla (C. catla) and the ameliorative role of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) supplementation. There were four treatments in which forty-eight fishes were equally distributed. T0 was the control group fed with a basal diet. T1 was fed with 7 mg/L lead. T2 was fed with O. sanctum (10 g/kg) and T3 was co-treated with lead (7 mg/L) and O. sanctum (10 g/kg). Lead and O. sanctum Group (T₃) showed improved growth (27.05±1.07) as compared to the lead group (21.11±1.38) which indicated that O. sanctum supplementation mitigated some of the adverse effects of lead toxicity. Length gain was maximum in T2 (12.23±0.58) as compared to other groups. RBC count (1.35±0.06), hematocrit (24.14 ±2.62) and hemoglobin (5.12±0.04) decreased in the lead group. WBC count (48.66±0.61) increased in lead-exposed group T1 as compared to other treatments. ALT (32.03 ±1.83), AST (57.16±1.56) and ALP Levels (27.93±4.25) increased in the lead group (T1) indicating significant liver damage due to lead toxicity. The T₃ group showed lower enzyme level ALP (23.58±2.07), ALT (28.26±1.86) and AST (53.34±0.98) compared to other treatments demonstrating the hepatoprotective effect of O. sanctum. Total serum protein (4.20±0.18 g/dL), albumin (2.12±0.10 g/dL) and globulin (2.08±0.08 g/dL) levels were altered in the lead group showing immune system dysfunction due to lead exposure. In contrast the T₃ group showed improved immune parameters with total serum protein (5.1±0.15 g/dL), albumin (1.46±0.17 g/dL) and globulin (2.13±0.26 g/dL), indicating the beneficial effects of O. sanctum supplementation in restoring immune function. Statistical analysis showed that the results are significant (p<0.05).

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