Sociological Dimensions of Disaster Vulnerability: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

This research explored the complex relationship between sociological factors and disaster vulnerability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, employing a qualitative case study approach and thematic analysis. Focusing on four districts (Dera Ismail Khan, Nowshera, Charsadda, and Swat), the study drew on a diverse sample of officials from line agencies, NGOs, and local communities. Data was gathered through 27 in-depth interviews and 08 focus group discussions. The findings reveal a critical connection of deep-rooted poverty, discrimination, and social exclusion with fragile physical environments and cultural factors, eroding community resilience. Notably, poverty restricts access to resources, exacerbating disparities and marginalizing vulnerable groups, while inadequate infrastructure heightens disaster risk. Furthermore, analysis shows that poverty and inequality amplify physical vulnerability, compounded by social exclusion and cultural factors limiting information access and disaster preparedness. These findings underscore the imperative for inclusive disaster risk reduction strategies prioritizing community-led decision-making, marginalized group empowerment, and context-specific understandings of vulnerability. By highlighting the importance of culturally sensitive approaches, this research contributes to the sociological discourse on disaster vulnerability, informing efforts to mitigate disaster risk and promote sustainable development.